Argumentation is not a contemporary, yet a deep rooted intellectual phenomenon dates back to Romans and Greeks times. The argumentative elements ,the author is trying to convey to the reader, are  linguistic procedures aim at persuading and being persuaded of what is true. The present study traces, through Camus’ novel The plague, the best method to construct argumentative techniques used to express the author’s deep philosophies.

Résumé        

          L’argumentation n’est pas un phénomène intellectuel nouveau, ses origines reviennent aux savants grecs et romains. Elle est une act

This study was aimed to save Thompson Seedless grapes and quality has been preserved through cold storage using an edible covering made from propolis and aloe vera gel. Thompson grapes have high value economically, but after they are picked, their shelf life is reduced due to a rapid decline in quality. Based on the rapid weight loss, low carotene content, softening, and frequent berry degradation, uncoated berries exhibited a rapid deterioration at 5°C and 85–90% relative humidity (RH). On the contrary, the above criteria relating to post-harvest quality losses were greatly delayed in those berries treated with propolis and aloe vera gel and may extend the storability up to 30 days at 5°C. I

Diyala River is a tributary of Tigris River, it is one of the important rivers in Iraq. It covers a total distance of 445 km (275 miles). 32600 km²is the area that drains by Diyala River between Iraqi-Iranian borders. This research aims to evaluate the water quality index WQI of Diyala River, where three stations were chosen along the river. These stations are D12 at Jalawlaa City at the beginning of Diyala River, the second station is D15 at Baaquba City at the mid distance of the river, and the third station is D17 which is the last station before the confluence of Diyala River with Tigris River at Baghdad city. Bhargava method was used in order to evaluate the water quality index for both irrigation and drink

The modal properties of optical fibers were calculated at core radii (1.45–5.05) µm in 1.20 µm increments. In this work, the calculation was performed at a wavelength of 1.030 µm using the RP Fiber Calculator software (free version 2025). The results demonstrated that when the core radius is comparable wavelength, the fiber supports only the fundamental mode, indicating single-mode operation; whereas larger core radii lead to multimode behavior. The study involved analyzing optical properties of step index fibers with core and cladding refractive indices of  = 1.469 and  = 1.46, respectively. The computed properties included the cut-off wavelength, effective area, power in the core, effective refractive index, and propagation cons

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of commercial Sulfuric acid, phosphorous, iron, and zinc application on Phosphorus, Iron, Zinc Availability in Calcareous Soil and Yield of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), in an agricultural field at College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad / Iraq during the autumn season of 2021, in silty loam soil using Split Plot Design in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Sulfuric acid H₂SO₄ added with irrigation water at 0 and 2 ml L^-1. Phosphorus was added to the soil at (0, 50, 75 and 100%) from the recommended level (65 kg P ha^-1) as TSP (2

This research was aimed to identify the reality of extension managers’ practice of participatory leadership in the agricultural extension system from view of agricultural extension workers in Iraq, through a questionnaire include 22 items distribute over three. The research community include all 15 province of Iraq, A random sample is taken from the province of Iraq (53%) and (8) province, namely (Dhi Qar, Maysan, Holy Karbala, Al-Qadisiyah, Babylon, Anbar, Diyala, Kirkuk) and a proportional, stratified random sample of (51%) is taken from agricultural extension workers distribute among the agricultural directorates and training extension centers, the number is (307, 133) and (157, 68) respectively, The results of revealed that the rea

This stady was aimed to investigate effect of treatment with 0, 0.25 and 0.50 mM of Glutathione (GSH) and 0, 1.0 and 2.0 mg L^-1 of Gibberellic acid (GA₃) in enhancing the growth of calli cultures was tested under normal and critical concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl). The experiments were conducted during October, 2022 to June 2023 at the plant tissue culture laboratory in Center of Desert Studies, University of Anbar. The experiments designed according to the complete randomized design (CRD). The critical limit of NaCl in calli cultures was determined after 35 days of cultivation in MS medium. The res

This study was aimed to identify the role of barley prolamin (BP) hydrolysates which prepared from local barley (class Ibaa 99), prolamins isolate using pepsin and trypsin (individually - synergistically) in inhibiting the ACE 1 and as antioxidant agent. The Amino acids (AAs) content of barley protein were estimated by HPLC technique, and barley prolamin (BP) was isolated from whole barley flour (WBF) using 70% ethyl alcohol, and then purified depending IP and centrifugation. Prolamin molecular weight (M.wt) was determined using the electrophoresis technique. Barley prolamin isolate (BPI) subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using 20U of pepsin and trypsin separately and synergistically for 8 h. Ali

إنَّ الشركات العامة هي إحدى طرق إدارة المرافق العامة الاقتصادية حيث اتجهت الدول الى هذا النوع من الادارة بسبب ما وجه من انتقادات الى أسلوب الادارة المباشرة لهذه المرافق وإن اغلب المرافق العامة الاقتصادية في العراق تدار بأسلوب الشركات العامة.

من المتفق عليه سواء في فرنسا أو مصر أو العراق إن نشأة الشركات العامة تكون أما بقانون وذلك بصدور قانون خاص بإنشاء شركة عامة من قبل  المشرع او بناءً على قانون وذلك

Institutions and companies are looking to reduce spending on buildings and services according to scientific methods, provided they reach the same purpose but at a lower cost. On this basis, this paper proposes a model to measure and reduce maintenance costs in one of the public sector institutions in Iraq by using performance indicators that fit the nature of the work of this institution and the available data. The paper relied on studying the nature of the institution’s work in the maintenance field and looking at the type of data available to know the type and number of appropriate indicators to create the model. Maintenance data were collected for the previous six years by reviewing the maintenance and financial dep

The coronavirus-pandemic has a major impact on women's-mental and physical-health. Polycystic-ovary-syndrome (PCOS) has a high-predisposition to many cardiometabolic-risk factors that increase susceptibility to severe complications of COVID-19 and also exhibit an increased likelihood of subfertility. The study includes the extent of the effect of COVID-19-virus on renin-levels, glutathione-s-transferase-activity and other biochemical parameters in PCOS-women. The study included 120 samples of ladies that involved: 80 PCOS-patients, and 40 healthy-ladies. Both main groups were divided into subgroups based on COVID-19 infected or not. Blood-samples were collected from PCOS-patients in Kamal-Al-Samara Hospital, at the period between Decembe

Background. The use of modern aids and technology has contributed greatly to football development, the goalkeeper is the most important position in the team, and the use of devices gave objective readings about the goalkeeper's ability in terms of skill and physical aspects. Objectives. The research aimed to prepare exercises using an electronic device to measure the knee bending angle because of its great importance in developing the skill of catching and dimensions of the high ball for football goalkeepers. Methods. The researchers used the experimental method, and the sample consisted of (4) male goalkeepers under 15 years of age, one of the research procedures was to determine the biomechanical variables affecting the development of the

The factors influencing the financial market are rapidly becoming more complex. The impact of non-financial factors on the performance of a company’s common stock can increase in ways that were not previously expected. This study investigated how brand capital affects the risk of stock prices in Iraqi private banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange failing by identifying the likelihood of a crash caused by a negative deviation in the distribution of returns on ordinary shares. As a result, the current study’s concept is to review an analytical knowledge framework of the nature of that relationship, its changes, and its impact on the pricing of ordinary shares of the banks of the researched sector for the years 2009 to 2017, as w

Flow-production systems whose pieces are connected in a row may not have maintenance scheduling procedures fixed because problems occur at different times (electricity plants, cement plants, water desalination plants). Contemporary software and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are used to fulfill the research objectives by developing a predictive maintenance program. The data of the fifth thermal unit of the power station for the electricity of Al Dora/Baghdad are used in this study. Three stages of research were conducted. First, missing data without temporal sequences were processed. The data were filled using time series hour after hour and the times were filled as system working hours, making the volume of the data relativel

The study introduces a theoretical analysis and numerical solution for the combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel droplet inside the combustion chamber. The study employs two mathematical models to analyze the combustion process. Conventional (Classical) model and Transient model. The combustion process of a stagnant droplet in the steady state was analyzed in the classical model, while, In the transient model, it was assumed that there is a period of time in the stages of the droplet combustion in which the droplet is heated before combustion. The effect of change in temperature on the thermo-physical properties of the fuel was adopted through the two models. For the classical model, a convenient approximation was adopted for the heat transfe

Removal of heavy metals from waste water has received a great deal of attention. The compare Cr
(VI) adsorption characteristics removing from wastewater by using thermally modified and non-modified
eggshells were examined

لا شك إن مهمة التوثيق التاريخي والعلمي لأية مؤسسة أكاديمية،تعد من المهام الأساسية التي تقوم على تحقيق هدفين متلازمين،الأول الحفاظ على الجهود المثابرة التي بذلها الرواد الأوائل خلال مراحل التهيئة والإعداد والتأسيس والانطلاقة الأولى،وعدم نسيان تلك الجهود العلمية والبحثية والإدارية المتميزة،والثاني تحفيز العاملين في هذه المؤسسة ودفعهم للمضي في عملية التطوير والارتقاء المستمر بمستوى الأداء العلمي و

The Flanagan Aptitude Classification Tests (FACT) assesses aptitudes that are important for successful performance of particular job-related tasks. An individual's aptitude can then be matched to the job tasks. The FACT helps to determine the tasks in which a person has proficiency. Each test measures a specific skill that is important for particular occupations. The FACT battery is designed to provide measures of an individual's aptitude for each of 16 job elements.

The FACT consists of 16 tests used to measure aptitudes that are important for the successful performance of many occupational tasks. The tests provide a broad basis for predicting success in various occupational fields. All are paper and pen

This paper demonstrates the construction designing analysis and control strategies for fully tracking concentrated solar thermal by using programmable logic control in the city of Erbil-Iraq. This work used the parabolic dish as a concentrated solar thermal. At the focal point, the collected form of energy is used for heating a (water) in the receiver, analyzing this prototype in real-time with two different shapes of the receiver and comparing the results. For tracking the parabolic dish, four light-dependent resistors are used to detect the sun's position in the sky so that the tracking system follows it to make the beam radiation perpendicular to the collector surface all of the time during the day for maximum solar p

The current research aims to identify the stressful life events among middle school students in terms of gender (male-female), academic branch (scientific-literary), and the Life Skills of the students of the preparatory stage in terms of gender (male-female), and academic branch (scientific-literary). Additionally, the study aims to identify the relationship between stressful life events and life skills in middle school students. A sample of (200) students who were selected randomly from the Directorate of education of Baghdad Karkh/ III was used in this study. To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher has adopted two scales, the stressful life events scale for the researcher Al-Sultan (2008), and the life skills

    يهدف البحث التعرف إلى السلوك الانهزامي لدى طفل الروضة، ولتحقيق ذلك تم بناء

(مقياس السلوك الانهزامي) وتم التحقق من صدق المقياس وثباته، كما تم التحقق من بنيات مؤشرات الفقرات التي تدل على قوتها وصلاحيتها التمييزية، إذ تألف المقياس من ثلاثة بدائل وهي (دائماً، احياناً، ابداً)، ووضعت له وفقاً لذلك ثلاثة اوزان وهي (1،2،3)، كما تألفت عينة البحث من (282) طفلاً وطفلة من أطفال الرياض الحكومية تم تطبيق المقيا

       إذا كان للموظف العام له الحق مثله مثل باقي المواطنين في ممارسة الحريات التي كفلها الدستور بصفة عامة والسياسية منها بصفة خاصة. فقد كفلت له هذا الحق اغلب الدساتير والتشريعات ووضع له من الضمانات ما يساعده على ممارسة هذه الحرية، بحيث لا تكون أرائه السياسية والتعبير عنها بمظاهرها المختلفة عقبة في سبيل حصوله على حقوقه وامتيازاته التي تقررها النظم الوظيفية.

 فقد نصت ونظمت غالبية الدساتي

Hydrocarbon production might cause changes in dynamic reservoir properties. Thus the consideration of the mechanical stability of a formation under different conditions of drilling or production is a very important issue, and basic mechanical properties of the formation should be determined.
There is considerable evidence, gathered from laboratory measurements in the field of Rock Mechanics, showing a good correlation between intrinsic rock strength and the dynamic elastic constant determined from sonic-velocity and density measurements.
The values of the mechanical properties determined from log data, such as the dynamic elastic constants derived from the measurement of the elastic wave velocities in the material, should be more a

قد تطرأ على الدولة ظروف استثنائية تهدد سلامتها، كالحروب والكوارث الطبيعية، وتجعلها عاجزة عن توفير حماية للنظام العام باستخدام القواعد والإجراءات العادية. وفي هذه الحالة لابد ان تتسع سلطات هيئات الضبط لمواجهة هذه الظروف، وذلك من خلال تمكينها من اتخاذ إجراءات سريعة وحازمة لمواجهتها.

ولما كانت الظروف الاستثنائية من شأنها المساس المباشر بحقوق وحريات الأفراد الشخصية التي يكفلها الدستور، فلابد أن يتدخل ا

 Total quality management is not a new concept. However, it is widely accepted as the fundamental business issue of the 1990s. Companies have started to realize the potential of TQM as

Arsenic is a prevalent and pervasive environmental contaminant with varied amounts in drinking water. Arsenic exposure causes cancer, cardiovascular, liver, nerve, and ophthalmic diseases. The current study aimed to find the best conditions for eliminating arsenic from simulated wastewater and their effect on biomarkers of hepatic in mice. Adsorption tests including pH, contact duration, Al-kheriat dosage, and arsenic concentrations were evaluated. Seventy-two healthy albino mice (male) were accidentally allocated into nine groups (n = 8), the first group was considered as healthy control, the second group (AL-Kheriat), and other groups received AL-Kheriat and arsenic 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 and 175 mg/kg, respectively. Next 10 days, the

In this study, the effect of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) section and compressive strength of concrete in composite beams under static and low velocity impact loads was examined. Modeling was performed and the obtained results were compared with the test results and their compatibility was evaluated.‎ Experimental tests of four composite beams were carried out, where two of them are control specimen with 20 MPa compressive strength of concrete deck slab and 50 MPa for other. Bending characteristics were affected by the strength of concrete under impact loading case, as it increased maximum impact force and damping time at a ratio of 59% and reduced the damping ratio by 47% compared to the reference hybrid beam. Under stat

In order to investigate the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in raw and imported Ultra Heat Treatment
(UHT) milk, this study was done by random collection of samples from different areas in Baghdad province and
its surroundings from different animals (small and large ruminants) as 68 total samples (53 raw milk samples and
15 imported UHT samples)collected weekly from October 2007 till January 2008, and processed according to
standard protocols of Listeria monocytogenes .
The results showed reisolation of 10 isolates from 68 samples (14.7%) as 6 isolated from raw milk samples
(11.3%) and 4 isolated from UHT milk samples (26.7%) ,these revealed significant differences (P≤0.05) in
isolated percentage of Listeria mon