Cocrystallization is an emerging approach for improving physico-chemical characteristics of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) for instance dissolution rate, solubility, stability in addition to mechanical properties without affecting their therapeutic activity. It is of great importance when other approaches like salt or polymorph formation do not encounter the estimated targets. In this review article, an outline of pharmaceutical cocrystals will be presented, with highlighting on factors affecting cocrystallization which include ∆pKa, donors and acceptors hydrogen bonds, molecular recognition point, synthon forming functional groups flexibility, dicarboxylic acid coformers carbon chain length and solvent effe

Estimation of trip attraction and analyzing its main influencing factors are powerful for offering different classifications for business districts and presenting recommendations for improving attractiveness in long term. This is beneficial for designing transportation facilities and infrastructures. The paper presents the prediction of trip attraction using an artificial intelligence technology due to the profits that the technology can possess in shortening time, lowering expenses and saving effort. The new model has utilized six input parameters that have not been considered previously within the area of Nasiriyah city including; age and educational level of the passengers, mode of transport that the passengers use, purpose of the trip,

    The present study is the first to provide a comprehensive analysis of the vertebral column, fin structure, and tail skeleton of Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 and Leuciscus vorax (Heckel, 1843) (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), which were collected from Al-Tharthar on the Euphrates and from the Tigris River at Az Zubaydiyah City, Wasit Province-middle of Iraq, respectively. Radiographic imaging was used to investigate various traits of the vertebral column and caudal skeleton. These characteristics were verified for the two species studied. The outcomes disclose that osteological data vary among the two species examined, emphasising that the construction of the vertebral column and caudal skeleton can be deliberated a

    The eurytomid wasp Eurytoma samsonowi Vassiliev, 1915 (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae), has been recorded as a new species infesting apricot seeds in Baghdad. The study was conducted in an apricot orchard in Al-Tarmia District, Baghdad Province, in February 2025. This study could help identify, monitor, investigate further, and control apricot eurytomid wasps.

    In the current study, the panurgine bee Camptopoeum Spinola, 1843 is represented as a single species Camptopoeum frontale (Fabricius, 1804) (Family Andrenidae), which is reported as a new record for the Iraqi hymenoptera checklist. Additionally, the species is clearly described and illustrated, and the taxonomic status of the taxa is provided.

This study investigates the ecological roles and geographical distribution of sixteen wild Brassicaceae species across most districts of Iraq, including arid and mountainous regions. A total of 263 herbarium specimens were analyzed, including specimens preserved from the 1950s to 2025, Erysimum cuspidatum (M.Bieb) DC. (1821), which was recently reported by the same authors, and 8 newly collected specimens from recent field surveys.

    The main objectives were to evaluate habitat preferences, soil types, and adaptive strategies of these species in arid and semi-arid regions. Results indicate that the studied species can grow in a wide range of soils, including limestone, rocky areas, sandy, and loamy substrates, demons

    Myosotis L., 1753 is one of the biggest genera in the family Boraginaceae, subfamily Cynoglossoideae, and tribe Myosotideae, numerous pollen grain features, including shape, color, size, sculpture and number have been examined for the species M. arvensis, along with a thorough sampling analysis of macro- and micro-morphology. Molecular investigation has been conducted to confirm M. arvensis subsp. arvensis taxonomic rank within Boraginaceae. In contrast to the within the same genus that are already grow in Iraq, the collected specimens of M. arvensis subsp. arvensis are differentiated by a saucer-shaped corolla limb reaching 3 mm in diameter, reaching 3 mm in diameter, and the

    A new freshwater malacophagous leech belonging to the Glossiphoniidae Vaillant, 1890 family was found in a spring in the Ferghana Valley. In this study, we describe the morphological characteristics and DNA barcoding gene of a new leech, Glossiphonia ferghanensis sp. nov. (Annelida, Hirudinida, Glossiphoniidae) are reported. This species differs from all other leeches of Glossiphonia Johnson, 1816 in coloration, the absence of papillae and paramedial rows on the dorsal surface. According to COI sequences, it was found to be a sister species with a specimen of Glossiphonia concolor (Apathy, 1888) recorded from the Taimyr Peninsula Region of Northern Russia. The analysis revealed

    Home gardens (HG), public gardens (PG), road islands (RI), and vacant lots (VL) were the most common urban habitats in Kharga and Dakhla Oases that were analyzed in terms of species distribution patterns. In total, 39 geo-referenced sampling stands were surveyed and were distributed as follows among these habitats: 16 in home gardens (HG), 11 in public gardens (PG), 8 in road islands (RI), and 4 in vacant lots (VL). The total number of recorded species showed variation among habitats: 132 species in HG, followed by PG (112 species), RI (71 species), and VL (58 species). The vegetation structure of the home gardens was characterized by orchard trees, cultivated herbs and xerophytes, while that of public gardens was dominated by orn

In this study, the species Pentodon algerinus (Füessly, 1778) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) was genetically recorded in the NCBI GenBank database using the mitochondrial partial gene (COI) through a molecular technique. Then the third instar grub of this species was morphologically described using light microscopy. Throughout the study, 24 grubs were collected from different localities in Erbil Province. Most characteristics of the last instar grub were illustrated; the description was based on the reared grub to adults under field conditions to confirm identification. Although many research attempts have focused on the adult stage, no work has been convoyed on the immature stage that feeds in the root area of lawns in this provin

   A total of three specimens of Tigris mystus Mystus pelusius (Solander, 1794) were collected from the Tigris River at the Gherai'at region in Baghdad Province in May 2024. Several species in the family Bagridae are rather morphologi­cally similar, especially during the juvenile stage, which may pose difficulties in their identification. The present study aims to identify the fish and determine its ancestry at the molecular level. The mitochondrial gene (cob) functions as a barcoding gene. It included a designated primer set with PCR amplification to align a cob gene fragment with sequences in NCBI using BLAST. The molecular testing of current specimens of M. pelusius and the phylogenetic tree demonstrate that the cob gene is effecti