Le mot anglais code switching ou l’équivalent français alternance codique est un terme très utilisé dans des recherches qui traitent des problèmes en sociolinguistique. Le bilingue dispose, dans son répertoire linguistique, de moyens de communication qui lui permettent d’adapter son langage à des situations de communication plus variées que ceux du monolingue. Le code-switching ou l’alternance codique qui est un lieu de structuration de stratégies de communication en est un moyen indispensable.
L’alternance codique dans la conversation est l’utilisation d’un mot ou plus appartenant à une langue B à l’intérieur d’une phrase qui appartient à une langue A. Dans la plupart des cas, le locuteur se sert de l’a

Image   processing   is  an   important   source   for   the  image

analytical    in   order    to    get   variable    parameters    such   as   the

intensity  .In  present   work  it  has  been  found   a  relation   between the  tensity and  number    of  pixd  in  the  image  ,  and  from  this relation   we  have   got   in  this  paper   the  inten

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يختص هذا البحث بدراسة تحليلية لأوضاع العراق في ظل حكم الاتحاديين" 1908- 1914", مسلطا الضوء على تنامي الوعي الفكري لدى العراقيون المتمثل بتكوين الاحزاب والجمعيات العربية, وكذلك بروز فئة من الصلحين الذين عملوا على استنهاض الهمم لدى الشعوب للمناداة بالتحرر وتحقيق الاستقلال, دخل لعراق عام 1908م حقبة جديده من تاريخه السياسي ولم تكن هذه المدة هي افضل من سابقتها, فقد حكم حكما مباشرا ومتسلط من قبل الحزب الحاكم " ا

تعد المسؤولية المدنية من اهم موضوعات القانون المدني التي لازال الخلاف موجود في أمهات مسائلها ومنها الخلاف حول وظيفة هذه المسؤولية وهل أن التعويض فيها يقدر استنادا الى الضرر ام أن خطأ المسؤول له اثر في هذا التقدير فعلى الرغم من تبني اكثر القوانين لفكرة التعويض الكامل الا أن البحث في ثناياها يبين وجود تطبيقات يأخذ فيها المشروع بدرجة جسامة الخطا في تقديره للتعويض.

Equilibrium Moisture sorption isotherms are very important in drying and storage analysis. Experimental moisture equilibrium data (adsorption and desorption) of Aspirin were determined using the static method of saturated salt solutions and that by exposing the material to different conditions of temperatures and water activities. Three different temperatures (25, 30, 40Cº) and water activities in the range of (6.3- 83.6%) were used. The results showed that the equilibrium moisture content increased with the increase in water activity at any temperature and decreased with temperature increase at constant water activity. The water activity increases with increasing in temperature when moisture content was kept constant. The sorption isot

This work involves three parts ,  first part  is manufacturing different types of laminated below knee prosthetic socket materials with different classical laminated materials used in Baghdad center for prosthetic and orthotic (4perlon layers+2carbon fiber layer+4 perlon layers) , two suggested laminated materials(3perlon layers+2carbon fiber layer+3 perlon layers) and (3perlon layers+1carbon fiber layer+3 perlon layers) ) in order to choose perfect laminated socket . The second part tests (Impact test) the laminated materials specimens used in socket manufacturing in order to get the impact properties for each socket materials groups using an experimental rig designed especially for this purpose. The interface pressure between

Mobile-based human emotion recognition is very challenging subject, most of the approaches suggested and built in this field utilized various contexts that can be derived from the external sensors and the smartphone, but these approaches suffer from different obstacles and challenges. The proposed system integrated human speech signal and heart rate, in one system, to leverage the accuracy of the human emotion recognition. The proposed system is designed to recognize four human emotions; angry, happy, sad and normal. In this system, the smartphone is used to   record user speech and send it to a server. The smartwatch, fixed on user wrist, is used to measure user heart rate while the user is speaking and send it, via Bluetooth,

ان الحاجة المتزايدة للآخر امر لا يمكن البحث عن دليل فيه ، فالإنسان كائن اجتماعي لا يستطيع العيش منفردا ، ومن ثم لا جدال في عجزه عن تلبية احتياجاته بنفسه، فهذا التبادل في المنفعة يجري عبر وسيلة قانونية تدعى ب (العقد) ، فكل ما نحصل عليه اليوم من حاجات اساسية لغرض تأمين العيش والسكن والتجارة وتبادل الخبرات يتم عبر طريق واحد هو الاتفاق الذي قد يتم بين اطرافه مباشرة أو عبر وسيط.

وتختلف العقود من حيث الاهمية ، فم

يعرف القانون الانجليزي أنواعاً مختلفة للتدليس, لا نجد لها نظيراً في التشريعات الأخرى,  معتمداً في تمييزها على معيار العلم بحقيقة المعلومات المدلى بها, أي أنّ تحديد نوع التدليس يعتمد على مدى علم صاحب البيانات الكاذبة بعدم صحتها وقت صدورها, فهذه البيانات الكاذبة اما أنّ تصدر من صاحبها بعلمه الكامل بمحتواها وبالشكل الذي يجعلها قرينة تثبت سوء نيته فيكون التدليس بموجبها غير بريء, أو أنّ تصدر عن طيش و اهمال ودو

A series of laboratory tests were carried out on disturbed soil samples containing different gypsum contents. The soil samples were obtained from al-Jazeera south-west of Iraq. Tests were performed to obtain the physical and mechanical properties of the soil. In addition; permeability-leaching tests were conducted by using oedometer and large-scale Rowe cell apparatus to obtain the variation of the coefficient of permeability, dissolved gypsum and leaching strain with time. All samples were tested under similar conditions, e.g. the hydraulic gradient, vertical stress and leaching period. The soil samples designated N1, N2, and N3 are obtained from depths (0.5-0.75), (1.0-1.25), and (3.25-3.5) m and having gypsum content (31.43), (51.37),

Surface Plasmon sensor is commonly used in chemistry, biologic, and environments nursing. This type of sensor display strange sympathy depends on surfaces Plasmon resonance (SPRs) or localize surfaces Plasmon resonance (LSPRs) effect, which have a commercial application. In this review, we present current progressing in the fields of surfaces plasmatic sensor, principally in the configuration of planar Meta structure and optical-fiber waveguide. In the Meta structures platforms, the optical sensor depend on LSPRs, hyperbolic dispersions, Fanon resonance, and two-dimension (2Ds) material integrations are presented. The optical-fiber sensor integration with LSPRs/SPRs structure and 2D material are summarizing. In addition, we introduced th

تقتضي المنافسة الضخمة في إطار تقديم الخدمات والحراك الشديد من اجل البقاء والاستمرار والتطوير الى البحث عن الأساليب الكفيلة التي يجتمع من خلالها أصحاب مهنة معينة بأطر قانونية محققة ضمانات فعّالة بغية تقديم الخدمات للجمهور بالاعتماد على المعرفة والكفاءة التي يمتلكها أعضاء الشركة ومثالها شركات المحاماة والاستشارات الهندسية والمحاسبية.

وقد يواجه المهني جملة من الصعوبات العملية عند مباشرته لنشاط مهني م

A time series analysis can help to observe the behavior of the system and specify the system faults. In addition, it also helps to explain the various energy flows in the system and further aid in reducing the thermodynamic losses. The intelligent supervisory LabVIEW software can monitor the incoming data from the system by using Arduino microcontroller and calculates the important parameters. Energy, exergy, and anergy analysis present in this paper to investigate the system performance as well as its components. To accomplish this, a 4-ton vertical split air conditioner based on vapor compression refrigeration cycle charged with refrigerant R-22 was modified for experimental analysis. The results showed that during 540

The Main Outfall drain pumping station in Nassiriyah is an important part in operation  system of the Main Outfall Drain (MOD) where it reduces the water levels in the U/S area of its and converted through Syphon freely under the Euphrates, its consists of several parts: U/S Basin, Station Building which contains 12 pumps, and Head Basin with Syphon, This station suffers from high levels especially in D/S area due to the current situation which is represented by establishing of dyke with pipes on MOD which located at 24 km from D/S of pumping station and Al-Khamisiyah Canal which located at 2.3 km from the U/S of dyke which feeds(Al Hammar Marsh) during drought season, several scenarios were adopted in order to expl

Recently, several concepts and expressions have emerged that have often preoccupied the world . around the concept of environment and sustainability. This is due to the negative and irresponsible impact of man and his innovations in various industrial and technological fieldsthat have damaged the natural environment. Architecture and cities at the broader level are some of the man made components that caused these negative impacts and in the same time affected by them. What distinguishes architectural and urban projects is the consumption of large . quantities of natural resources and production larger amounts of waste and pollution, along the life of these projects. At the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-fir

The construction of embankment for roadway interchange system at urban area is restricted due to the large geometry requirements, since the value of land required for such construction is high, and the area available is limited as compared to rural area. One of the optimum solutions to such problem is the earth reinforcement technique which requires a limited area for embankment construction. Gypseous soil from Al-Anbar governorate area was obtained and subjected to various physical and chemical analysis to determine it is properties. A laboratory model box of 50x50x25 cm was used as a representative embankment; soil has been compacted in five layers at maximum dry density (modified compaction) and an aluminum reinforcement strips were i

In this paper, three tool paths strategies; iso-planar, helical and adaptive have been implemented to investigates their effect on the mechanical properties of Brass 65-35 formed by single point incremental sheet metal forming process. To response this task, a fully digital integrated system from CAD modeling to finished part (CAD/CAM) for SPIF process has been developed in this paper.
The photo-micrographs shows an identical grain formation due to the plastic deformation of the incremental forming process, change in the grain shape and size was observed. It's found that the adaptive tool path play a significant role to increase the hardness of the formed specimen from (48 to 90 HV) and the grain texture of the formed specimen found a

في الأزمات الاقتصادية يتطلع الناس وخاصة الأقل دخلاً إلى النظام السياسي القائم للحصول على التوجيه والحماية الاجتماعية والاقتصادية، الأمر الذي يوجب تكاتف مؤسسات الدولة لمواجهة الأزمات الاقتصادية المتعاقبة التي تمر بها البلاد، والضرائب باعتبارها وسيلة مهمة تَمّنح الدولة القدرة على التأثير في النشاط الاقتصادي دور هام لمواجهة الأزمات الاقتصادية، يتمثل في دورها في تحقيق هدف الاستقرار الاقتصادي بخلاف أهداف

ان الازمة الصحية العالمية الناشئة عن انتشار فيروس كورونا (والذي وصفته منظمة الصحة العالمية في 30/كانون الثاني/2020 بانه حالة طواريء صحية عامة مُثيرة للقلق الدولي، ثم عادت لتُسبغ عليه وصف الجائحة   pandemic  في 11/آذار/2020) وما أتخذته السطات الحكومية في دول العالم المختلفة من تدابير وأجراءات متفاوته (سواء بمستواها الاعلى من فرض حظر التجوال الشامل او ما اطلق عليه عالميا بالحجر المنزلي وبالتالي تعطيل كافة القطاع

تعتبر ظاهرة الفساد بصورة عامة ظاهرة عالمية واسعة الانتشار، توجد فى

كافة المجتمعات النامية منها والمتقدمة بدرجات متفاوتة، ذلك أن الفساد قد أضحى

ظاهرة لا يكاد يخلو منها مجتمع. وظاهرة الفساد بالإضافة إلى كونها ظاهرة

عابرة للحدود، فهى ظاهرة ذات جذور عميقة وتأخذ أبعاداً واسعة تتداخل معها

وترتبط بها عدة مفاهيم وعوامل يصعب التمييز بينها، وتختلف كذلك درجة

توافرها وشموليتها من مجتمع إلى آخر.

بعد تنامي النزاعات المسلحة على الصعيد الدولي والداخلي وما يتخللها من إنتهاكات واسعة للقانون الدولي الانساني، فقد أصبحت الحاجة ماسة للبحث عن آليات تنصف الضحايا وتردع الجناة وبما يحقق العدالة الجنائية ، ويمكن القول أن تبني الاختصاص الجنائي العالمي الذي بموجبه ينعقد الاختصاص للمحاكم الوطنية للدول في ملاحقة مرتكبي تلك الانتهاكات بغض النظر عن مكان وقوعها ، أو جنسية الجاني أو الضحية يمكن أن يُسهم في تلك المتطل

The objective of this study was to investigate association between FecG^H-GDF-9 gene polymorphism and litter size in Hamdani fat-tailed sheep. The genomic DNA was extracted from eighty-seven blood samples of Hamdani ewes. The FecG^H-GDF-9 locus was detected by PCRs, and identified DNA genotyped by DNA sequencing. The evaluate several parameters included fertility (%), conception (%), letter size at birth, twining rate (%), triple rate (%), barrenness (%) and productivity (%) were measured and arrived 91.95, 95.40, 1.825, 150, 11.25, 8.05 and 159.77, respectively. The blast tree view results in NCBI blast show Hamdani sheep is more closely to Norway white face sheep, Han sheep and Pelibuey Sheep breeds which ha

Laboratory experiment was carried out in order to study the adsorption of Fe as FeEDDHA  as related to some soil properties in six calcareous soils from the middle of Iraq. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin equations were used for describing Fe adsorption. The best equation was chosen according  to highest value of r, r² and t and least value of Standard error of estimate.   The results showed that Freunglich equation was more efficient for describing Fe sorption  compared with other physicochemical equations used, depending on highest values of, r  (0.985),  r² (0.970) and t ( 20.01) and lower standard error SE.e (0.186). Maximum adsorption capacity

A field experiment was conducted at the experimental field, Dept. of Field Crops, Coll. of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadiriya, Iraq, during the winter seasons of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020, to study the effect of foliar application of moringa leaves extract at different stages of growth and its reflection on yield and quality of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) var. Rasheed by determining best concentration and the spraying stage to raise the efficiency of production. A split plot arrangements was used according to RCBD design with three replicates, where the main plots contained three concentrations of moringa leaves extract (1/10, 1/20

This study was carried out to detect the Dematiceous hyphomycetes fungi that associated with Zinnia seeds and to test their pathogenicity and  effect on seed germination and foliage. Results of isolation and identification showed the existence of 8 species of these fungi associated with Zinnia seeds. Alternaria alternata was presented in 81.8% of seed samples with highly rate of frequency 77% in sample No.1. The preliminary test of the pathogenicity by cabbage seeds which included three separated experiments, showed that the 34 tested isolates caused a significant reduction in the rate of cabbage seeds germination except B18 isolate (Phoma eupyrena). Isolates B39 and H7 (Alternaria alternata ) were highly

This study was carried out in Al-Qadisiya Governorate during the period from December , 2012 to March , 2013. Involving five regions with different geographical locations (Diwania city center , Saniya District , Shafeia District, Daghara District and Al-Hamza District ) to determine the residues of nickel , arsenic and mercury in raw milk of cows , sheep and goats . A total of 150 raw milk samples were collected from 150 animals belong to the three species, involved 50 samples for cows, 50 samples for sheep and 50 samples for goats (10 samples / region) selected randomly. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry  was used to determine the concentration of nickel (NI) , arsenic (AS) and mercury (Hg) . The results showed that a significant

The research aims to build an educational program - learning, according to the concepts of renewable energy and nanotechnology And knowledge of its impact on the technological enlightenment when the third phase students in the Department of Chemistry, and to verify the goal and put the researcher null hypothesis the following: No Statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who are studying material nanotechnology and renewable energy program Altalima- learning and the average score for the control group of students who are studying the same article the usual way in technological enlightenment. The search was limited to the third row in the Department of Chemistry,

Since its invention by the Ancient Romans and later developed during the mid-18th century, the concrete structure and finish, has been considered as the most powerful, practical, economic and constructional material that meets the building’s architectural and aesthetical requirements. By creating unique architectural forms, the pioneer architects used concrete widely to shape up their innovative designs and buildings.

The pre-mixed ultra-high performance concrete which manufactured by Lafarge.

The transparent concrete and cement that allow the light beams to pass through them, introduces remarkable well-lit architectural spaces within the same structural criteria. This product is a recyclable, sustainab

The study sample included 590 farmers in Wasit province, has been taking samples of soils that the first two levels of the samples  0-15 cm, and second 15-30 cm, from different agricultural people in the province, was the level of salinity of the soil analysis, in the laboratories of the Faculty of agricultural techniques / Musayyib, SPSS software to analyze the function and use the influence of the level of soil salinity on the productivity of wheat crop, and traversed by testing the function of class I and II, and turned out to be an inverse relationship which determine the level of critical soil salinity b 12.13 Desiminz / m, a level which even then the average revenue dunum  with average costs, also identified the l