السياق عنصر خارج عن النظام اللغوي ويساعدُ على فهم النصّ وفكّ رموزه، ولا يمكن الاستغناء عنه في كلّ مستويات اللغة ويُسهِم في تحديد المعاني المقصودة لهُ، أما  نحو النص فهو علمٌ واتجاهٌ جديدٌ في الدَّرس اللُّغوي، غايتُه القصوى فهم أوجه الترابط النحوي المتجاورة للجُملة الواحدة إلى سلسلةٍ طويلةٍ أو قصيرة من الجُمل تؤلِّف نصّاً محدّداً. فنحو النصّ نمطٌ من التحليل اللُّغوي يمتدُّ تأثيره إلى ما ورا

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إنَّ تاريخ الوزارة كما أشرنا إليه سابقاً يوضح لنا كيف كان للوزراء في أحيان كثيرة سطوة على الخلفاء وسيطرة على مقاليد الأمور في الدولة العباسية، فضلاً عن ذلك يتضح أن كثرة عدد الوزراء كان يؤثر سلباً في استقرار الأمور في أرجاء الخلافة.

كما يستنبط من النصوص أن منصب الوزارة كان يباع ويشترى وتبذل فيه الأموال وتتدخل فيه الشفاعات والوساطات من دون النظر في بعض الأحيان إلى الكفاية والقدرة على تدبير الأمور. كذلك نس

شغلت العلاقات الروسية العثمانية حيزاً كبيراً من اهتمام الباحثين في تاريخ العلاقات الدولية الاوربية في القرنين السابع عشر والثامن عشر، بسبب اهميتها السوقية في حلقات الصراع ضمن المسألة الشرقية، التي رافقت تضاؤل قوة الدولة العثمانية، وتكالب القوى الاوربية لاقتسام ممتلكاتها في أوربا واسيا، وادت روسيا في عهد القيصر بطرس الاكبر دوراً محورياً في ذلك الصراع، وذلك استجابة للأهداف العليا التي رسمها قياصرة ال روم

Elevated C-Reactive Protein (CRP) level in serum is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes ,this relationship is likely to be the cause it means elevated CRP leads to T2D in future . Our objective was to examine CRP in male Type 2 Diabetes(T2D) patients in different age ,we studied 120 male subjects divided to two groups according to their age. First group A age (31 - 40) year old ,60 person )30 control & 30 T2D patients(,3 person for each same age: second group B age (41 – 50) years old ,60 person )30 control & 30 T2D patients(,3 person for each same age. We examined blood sugar ,cholesterol and CRP in each group. and we toke the mean of samples in the same age in each data in all the 4 groups. Our data shows that CRP

Multi wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were grown directly on copper
substrate and in the acetonitrile / de-ionized water (1% v/v) electrolyte of the
electrochemical cell using different growth temperatures.The effects of substrate
temperature and growth time over the MWCNTs structure were investigated.
MWCNTs were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Low
Magnification Transmission Electron Microscopy (LMTEM) and Atomic Force
Microscopy (AFM). TEM characterization indicate a transition from non growth at
288K to negligible growth at 308K then to excellent growth at 338K, AFM
characterization indicate a Gaussian distribution growth on Cu substrate with
maximum percentage to 110 nm

The security of wireless LANs has been a source of concern for businesses and individuals, who are aware of its advantages due to its flexibility, ease of development and reconfiguration. With the increase in the use of wireless LANs for enterprises and homes, where information resources are shared continually, security is of the essence. Wireless security and hacking defense systems becomes an alarming concern as everything being transmitted is available in the air. Encryption and Authentication are seen as major tools in the line of defense of wireless LANs. This paper discusses the various security protocols used in wireless LANs and how effective they are in keeping wireless LANs secure. The risks of using these protocols are outline

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      In order to increase the amount of solar radiation reaching a solar panel, and hence increase its performance, a tracking system might be used. A prototype of an efficient and portable solar tracking system, for home applications was constructed. The Arduino Uno Microcontroller is utilized to drive the proposed tacking system. The results of area under curve show that at certain circumstances, the open-loop tracking system is more efficient as compared with fixed one, while  the closed-loop tracker is slightly efficient than open-loop tracker.

The Multiplicative Cyclic Group has been used to construct a New Digital Algebraic Generator System (NDAGS). This cryptosystem can be classified as a stream cipher cryptosystem. In this paper we will estimate the efficiency and security of the (NDAGS) by using the Basic Efficiency Criteria (BEC). A comparison has made between the some known generators and (NDAGS). The results of applying the BEC and the comparison results proof the high efficiency of the (NDAGS).

      In this work, carbon-doped copper oxide thin films were deposited by the reactive DC sputtering method for use as selective absorbents. The properties of the DC discharge plasma were studied, using the emission spectrum, in the presence of pure argon and by mixing it with oxygen once and carbon dioxide again to know the effect of adding these gases on the properties of the resulting plasma used in the deposition of films. The structural properties of the deposited thin films prepared with different flow ratio of carbon dioxide gas were studied using x-ray diffraction. To examine the selective absorber coatings, the reflectance within the UV-Vis spectrum was measured to calculate the percentage of energy absorbed by solar radia

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Anthropogenic climate change has essentially affected the characteristics of the thermal seasons, hence the overall ecosystems, and human health. The characteristics of the thermal seasons in Iraq, and how they change are still unclear. This research has been conducted to: (1) evaluate the spatial characteristics of summer season in Iraq over the period (1960-2021). (2) Estimating changes in the length and timing (onset and end) of summer in Iraq using the Mann-Kendall test (MK) and Sen's slope estimator. The findings indicated that there are significant spatial differences in the average length of the summer season in Iraq. The difference reaching more than 30 days between northern and southern Iraq, It is longer in the south. Results o

يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة أنواع الاساءة الواقعة على الاطفال في مجتمع دولة الامارات وتحديدا في امارتي دبي والشارقة حيث سلطت الضوء على عينة قصدية تتكون من 22 طفل وطفلة استدعت الاساءة الواقعة عليهم ايواءهم في دور الايواء التابعة لمؤسسة رعاية الاطفال والنساء في دبي ودار الرعاية الاجتماعية التابعة لدائرة الخدمات الاجتماعية في الشارقة. وقد استخدم الباحثان المنهج النوعي وتحديدا منهج دارسة الحالة عن طريق الدارسة ا

تناول البحث دراسة الخصائص البشرية التي تؤثر على كفاءة الخدمات المجتمعية في مدن قضاء المدائن لسنه 2022 من اجل الكشف عن واقع التوزيع المكاني للخدمات المجتمعية (التعليمية ،صحية ،ترفيهية)  جاءت هذه الدراسة نتيجة زيادة متطلبات السكان في منطقة الدراسة لهذه الخدمات من اجل معرفة مكامن  القوة والضعف ومدى ملائمة توزيع وتوفر هذه الخدمات في منطقة الدراسة حيث تناول البحث دراسة اهم العوامل البشرية التي تؤثر على كفاءة هذه

The Dammam Formation ( Middle-Late Eocene) has a total thickness 150 m , 143 m and 89.7 m at the studied wells (B.H.8, B.H.3 and B.H.1) respectively. They are located in Al- Najaf Governorate, 35 Km southwest of Al-Najaf city. The petrographic components of the Dammam limestone comprises skeletal grainsforaminifera (both benthic and planktonic), echinoderm plates and Mollusca, shell fragments, Bryozoan, Bioclasts are common, non-skeletal grainsare pellets, lithoclast (carbonate and non carbonate), and groundmass (micrite and sparry calcite). In term of mineralogy, the X-Ray analysis shows the presence of non clay minerals is calcite, dolomite as the main minerals and quartz and scattered evaporate, whereas clay minerals as secondary mine

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     Structure of network, which is known as community detection in networks, has received a great attention in diverse topics, including social sciences, biological studies, politics, etc. There are a large number of studies and practical approaches that were designed to solve the problem of finding the structure of the network. The definition of complex network model based on clustering is a non-deterministic polynomial-time hardness (NP-hard) problem. There are no ideal techniques to define the clustering. Here, we present a statistical approach based on using the likelihood function of a Stochastic Block Model (SBM). The objective is to define the general model and select the best model with high quality. Therefor

The locus of enterocyte effacement LEE-encoded regulator (Ler( is a global regulator of multiple virulence genes expression in the Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), including those encoding the type III secretion pathway and adhesion proteins such as intimin. Ler is central to the process of the formation of the attaching and effacing (AE) lesions. This study aimed to perform the molecular detection of Ler gene in EPEC, since there is no related previous study in Iraq. Two hundred and fifty stool specimens from children under two years of age for both sexes were collected from some Iraqi hospitals. All isolates were diagnosed according to morphological characteristics and biochemical tests. The results showed th

In this study the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry (FTIR) provides a quick, efficient and relatively inexpensive method for identifying and quantifying gypsum concentrations in the samples taken from different sites from different localities from Alexandria district southwest Baghdad. A comprehensive spectroscopic study of gypsum-calcite system was reported to give good results for the first time by using IR for analytical grades of gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) and calcite (CaCO3) pure crystals. The spectral results were used to create a calibration curve relates the two minerals concentrations to the intensity (peaks) of FTIR absorbance and applies this calibration to specify gypsum and calcite concentrations in Iraqi gypsiferous soi

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يسعى البحث إلى التعرف على العلاقة بين كفاءة الخدمات واحجام  المراكز الحضرية من خلال مفردات التنمية المكانية ومدى توافق  أحجام هذه المراكز مع السكان والخدمات المقدمة داخل تلك المراكز بالاعتماد على قاعدة زيف المرتبة _الحجم وتحديد هرمية تلك المراكز الحضرية من خلال استخدام طريقة (scologeam) لتحديد هرمية المراكز واعتماد بعض مفردات الخدمات الحضرية لتحديد تلك المستويات  واستخدام بعض مفردات التنم

The research aims to prepare a report by the external auditor (Federal Office of Financial Supervision) for the control environment it is includes financial control, commitment and performance of the North Oil Company (extractive) according to the causes of pollution. The research problem it is not the Federal Office of Financial Supervision preparation a report on the things the environment include the prevent or reduction failure the administration of the causes of the pollution caused by oil mining industry by both bad planning or operational or related to efficient human resources as well as of technology to use and resulting from non-compliance local laws and instructions, as well as the inefficiency of spending on environme

تتناول الرواية الأولى للكاتب الأمريكي الشهير اي. ال. داكترو, وعلى عكس باقي رواياته الأخرى التي تسلط الضوء على جزء معين من تاريخ امريكا, تتناول قضية التاريخ من منظار رمزي يختلف عن باقي الأعمال الأدبية الأخرى. فقد غاص الكاتب في اعماق التاريخ و اوجهه المختلفة, و هذا الانغماس في التاريخ انعكس بصورة جلية في روايته الأولى, فقد امتاز الكاتب ببصمته المميزة في فلسفة التاريخ في هذه الرواية, حيث تعامل مع حرك

An evaluation of pollution level has been done for drinking water which is used in Kirkuk city by heavy metals ( As,Cd,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Zn,Cr,Pb) samples were collected during wet and dry of 2016-2017 from Kirkuk unified water supplied project (WTP) which is supply the city with drinking water, as well as from water of tanks type (GST2), and also from (tap water) (Zone3). The results showed the concentration of the (As,Cd,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Zn,Cr,Pb)inppbfor (WTP)are (0.5,0.6,6.45,38,4.6,2.5,6537,0.58,1.4) (0.6,0.8,6.76,46,5.5,3.5,6675,1,2.4) for (GST) (0.5,0.63,6.46,52.3,4.4,3.6,6550,0.6,2.5) (0.60,0.7,6.78,63.7,6.7,3.7,6680,1.1,2.6) and for tap water are (0.53,0.65,7.00,60.2,4.4,3.65,7200,0.8,2.7) (0.60, 0.71, 7.10, 67.6, 6.8,3.75,7320,0.9,2.75) f