Nowadays, remote sensing (RS) technology is being recognized as the most up-to-date data source used in land cover and land use exploration. However, the sources of RS data, the type of algorithms applied, and the study area characteristics all influence how accurately relevant thematic maps are produced. This paper aims to assess the classification performance of supervised machine learning algorithms over regions affected by dust storm depositions. To this end, SENTINEL-2 imagery across the city of Baghdad, Iraq are considered. Data preprocessing is carried out using SNAP software. Maximum Likelihood (ML), Minimum Distance (MD), Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and KD Tree KNN (KD-KNN) models are applied to produce land-use

In this study, the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode was modified, physical and electrochemical characterization were studied to be used in some biosensor applications. Using the drop-casting method, functionalized Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes, Polypyrrole, and gold nanoparticles (f-MWCNTs-AuNP-PPy) were efficiently coated on the surface of an ITO electrode. Fourier transform of infrared radiation (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were utilized to describe the microscopic structure and morphogenesis of the generated films at the ITO electrode's surface. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to assess the electroanalytical performance of electrodes after modification.

In this paper, a new proper generalization of small monoform modules, namely Z-Small monoform modules is introduced and studied. An R-module C is called Z-small monoform module (ZSM module; for short), if every non-zero partial endomorphism of C has Z-small kernel.

Many operators are introduced for the approximation of real functions, but little for the approximation of complex functions. These studies are for analytic functions. 

In this article, we define a new type of Szasz-Mirakjan operator. Then we estimate the degree of approximation using this modified complex Szasz-Mirakjan operators to integrable functions on compact disks along with a quantitative estimation. Using quantitative methods, we also obtain an upper estimate in the simultaneous approximation by  and exact degrees of approximation estimation for these operators' Stancu-type generalization.

     The change in land cover eventually occurs as the population increases, resulting in high human activities. Monitoring this change can be beneficial for territorial planning and ecosystem monitoring. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the spatial-temporal patterns and rates of land cover change in Nampula City, Mozambique, over the past three decades (1989-2020). For this purpose, data from the Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-8 OLI / TIRS satellites were applied as input to two classification systems: (1) thresholding-NDVI and MNDWI and (2) supervised classification. The results showed that the supervised classification method performed better than the thresholding system, with an overall accuracy of 92.4% and a kappa coefficient

Fusarium wilt is one of the most important diseases that affects various plants and is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Fusarium wilts in tomato plants are caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), whether in fields or greenhouses. The tomato plant is considered one of the most important plants. This disease, however, affects its agricultural production. The current research aimed to diagnose Fusarium species that were isolated from infected tomato plants from different regions in Iraq by using molecular and morphological methods and to study the evolutionary relationship between the studied species, as twenty Fusarium isolates were obtained from infected tomato p

In the realm of online information retrieval, Arabic web content presents unique challenges due to the complexity of the Arabic language and the varying quality of available materials. These complexities often confound search engines, hindering precise web page classification. This research addresses these challenges with a streamlined approach to effective online Arabic web page classification. Our strategy involves two key components: First, we employ a comprehensive text mining approach to extract valuable insights from a corpus of documents. This begins with text extraction from the online web page after providing the URL and the removal of stop words to enhance data quality. Additionally, we leverage Natural Language Processing (NLP

This research aimed to explore the potential involvement of oxidative stress in the onset of migraines. The primary objective was to assess the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), which serves as an indicator of oxidative stress, as well as nitric oxide (NO), a marker for nitrosative stress, and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an indicator of endothelial dysfunction. Ninety (90) participants were recruited in this research work from the neurology department's outpatient headache clinic at Al Jumhury Teaching Hospital in Erbil city, the study consisted of (60) patients and (30) as controls. In the migraine group, there were (45) females and (15) males, while the control group was comprised of (20) females and (10) males with age

The lifespan of WSNs is crucial, and it primarily relies on the energy efficiency of the sensors, as their power source is often non-rechargeable and non-replaceable batteries. Addressing this issue involves carefully designing of a routing protocol that considers energy saving. This article presents a heterogeneity-aware routing protocol based on the Stable Election Protocol SEP for heterogeneous WSNs to extend the lifespan of the WSN by reducing energy consumption. The proposal employs the Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) in the cluster-forming process to determine the shortest distance between the cluster head (CH) and sensor nodes in that cluster, thereby minimizing power consumption in all later communication operations. The propos

Due to its commercial and economic significance and its adjacency to Iraq's largest university, the Al-Jadriya area in Baghdad holds vital importance. This region exhibits high population density, diverse land uses, and a wide range of land cover types. Therefore, accurately classifying the land features in this area is crucial to support decision-making and facilitate infrastructure development. This study aims to utilize remote sensing techniques and a high-resolution satellite image to classify the region. To achieve this, GIS and QGIS programs and a software package encompassing various classification methods were employed to accurately classify the features and determine the most practical classification methods for this data type.

The module  is cofinitely rationally closed weak supplemented module (denoted by CRCWS-module) if every cofinite rationally closed submodule of  has weak supplement submodule in . The CRCWS- module is stronger generalize of closed cofinitely weak supplemented modules. In addition, we present a rationally closed weak supplemented modules (denoted by RCWS-module) which is a stronger generalize of closed weak supplemented modules. The relationships of our concepts to other related concepts was discussed and studied, and we give the conditions that make them equivalent were given. And also, we gave the necessary condition that makes the direct sum of RCWS-module (or CRCWS-module) is RCWS-module (CRCWS-module).

The compression system typically comprises two fundamental categories: compression and decompression. Within the realm of compression, there exist two primary types: lossy compression and lossless compression. In this research, a novel lossless digital image encoding technique is presented. This method depends on performing a series of iterative mathematical transformations. The methodology of performing this method is similar to the process of performing the fractal compression algorithm, with an essential difference: the fractal pressure is classified as lossy compression, but this new method is lossless compression. It is well known that lossless compression methods produce higher-quality images than lossy methods, but they do not ach

Short-range effect on C2, C3, C4 and C5 form factors in the ⁹⁰Zr atomic nucleus was scrutinized. The charge density of the ⁹⁰Zr was as well as scrutinized via the 1- and 2-body parts of cluster expansion in collaboration with harmonic functions of single particle. To incorporate the short-range effect in the 2-body part of cluster expansion, the Jastrow formula was used. Here, the core-polarization and model space participations are what lead to the form factors in ⁹⁰Zr. The transition density of core polarization was calculated using the Tassie form, relying on the charge density. The elements of one body density matrix were determined by performing shell model computations using the computer code OXBASH

A Weather Wireless Sensor Network (WWSN) has many limitations related to node throughput (NT), node power (P), and node energy (E). To address the limitations of WWSN, a mixed-byte LZW scheme is proposed. Mixed-Byte reduces the size of the sensed data by merging every two readings of data from the sensor into a single byte. The merged bytes would be highly frequent, which made them appropriate for compression by the Lempel Ziv Welsh (LZW) scheme. The result shows that the proposed Mixed-Byte-LZW gives the best compression ratio (CR) (0.01) for humidity and the best saving compressing rate (SR) (99%) for humidity and pressure. The simulated result shows that the Mixed-Byte-LZW scheme gives the best NT (580 Kbps) for humidity, the highest

This research proposed a 5.0 MW wind power project at the Al-Shihabi site in Iraq. The wind speed was collected from the Al-Shehabi metrological station at heights 10, 30, 50, and 52 m with 10-minute time intervals; then those data were compared with the hourly wind speed measured at 50 m for one year above the ground level obtained from the NASA site. The data were modeled using the Weibull distribution function for all wind power heights. Three methods were used to estimate Weibull parameters: Maximum Likelihood, Least Squares, and WAsP, which were executed to determine the numerical values of Weibull shape parameter (k), scale parameter (c), and mean wind speed. It is concluded that the annual mean wind speeds and the annual mean wind

Iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles were synthesized via an eco-friendly green approach by adding Phoenix dactylifera extract to the aqueous solution of ferric chloride. The effect of annealing temperature (Ta) (100-150) °C on particle size was studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to evaluate the produced nanoparticles. According to XRD spectra, the crystallite size of the samples was determined using the Scherrer formula. AFM and FE-SEM were used to determine surface morphology. A UV-Vis optical spectroscopic examination was carried out to determine the band gap energy of the iron oxide nano

The ecological interaction, human, geomorphological, and climatological factors lead to basin morphometry; morphometric aspects could be used as evidence for understanding the nature of these factors in terms of active dominant factors within the basin area. Quantitative morphometric analysis based on remote sensing imageries and GIS techniques is the best way to determine these aspects. In this research, a new approach was submitted: using Google Maps to track the Horan Valley path and region that passes through, delineating the main basins in the region, and then neglecting all basins that involve the valley only. The obtained results showed that the Horan region is a four-order basin with 213 1^st-order streams, 89 2^nd<

Traditional surveillance systems rely on human attention, limiting their effectiveness. This study employs convolutional neural networks and transfer learning to develop a real-time computer vision system for automatic handgun detection. A comprehensive analysis of online handgun detection methods is conducted, emphasizing reducing false positives and learning time. Transfer learning is demonstrated as an effective approach. Despite technical challenges, the proposed system achieves a precision rate of 84.74%, demonstrating promising performance comparable to related works, enabling faster learning and accurate automatic handgun detection for enhanced security. This research advances security measures by reducing human monitoring depende

The digital image is considered one of the most heavily attacked and targeted data types because of its various applications and sensitive visual data. Many security techniques have been introduced to cover various image security needs, such as watermarking and steganography for intellectual property protection, authentication, and cryptography techniques for confidentiality and secrecy. In this paper, we present a technique that introduces enhancements to encryption quality and employs chaos theory to augment system robustness. The approach involves the generation of pseudo-random sequences through the utilization of the four-dimensional Lorenz system. These sequences serve a dual purpose: firstly, they facilitate image preprocessing by

Flavonoids, a wide range of phenolic compounds produced as secondary metabolites in plants, bacteria and fungi, have highly potent activities. In this study, the fungus  Gymnoascus dankaliensis was isolated in spring from sheep dung samples, and itsability to produce a secondary metabolite was investigated. The fungal secondary metabolite was extracted, and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activitis were tested. The results showed that Gymnoascusdankaliensis, thefirst ever isolated fungus from dung in Basrah, could produce a secondary metabolite that were produced using a Solid State Ferementation SSF medium after 40 days of incubation. The bioactive compounds were extracted from the solid media by using ethyl acetate

Stability in the atmosphere is the most important factor in the transport and dispersion of air pollutants. There are a number of complicated methods for determining stability. The majority of these methods are based on the amount of convective and mechanical turbulence in atmospheric motions, such as the Richardson number, Monin-Obukhov length, Pasquill-Gifford stability classification, and Pasquill-Turner stability classification. Pasquill utilized surface-accessible meteorological information like breeze speed, sun-based radiation, and surface darkness to portray air steadiness. Baghdad territory was separated into a gathering of focuses as indicated by scope and longitude; six focuses were chosen and conveyed in a manner that address

Predicting stock prices is a challenging task due to the numerous factors that impact them. The dataset used for analyzing stock prices often displays complex patterns and high volatility, making the generation of accurate predictions difficult. To address these challenges, this study proposes a hybrid prediction model that combines the salp-swarm algorithm and the artificial neural network (SSA-ANN). The SSA is used to optimize the weights and biases in the ANN, resulting in more reliable and accurate predictions. Before training, the dataset is normalized using the min-max normalization technique to reduce the influence of noise. The effectiveness of the SSA-ANN model is evaluated using the Yahoo stock price dataset. The results show t

We present in this paper the development and implementation of a new
steganographic method, the information will be hidden in the selected parts of the
table with floating-point numbers used as stego cover. The method is implemented
by transform each character in the text into numbers, then stores it as part of the
floating-point number. The main goal of steganography was fulfilled since the
resulted table did not drown any suspicion, the same table can be used by
experimental person for the different calculation.

Traffic collisions may happen in any location of the street for many reasons, careless drivers, narrow roads, badly designed intersections and traffic signals, are some of the reasons. When the collisions are repeated in a specific location, the case must be studied and solutions must be found to eliminate these collisions.
A GIS is a kind of super map, computer software that links geographic information (where things are) with descriptive information (what things are like). Unlike a flat paper map, where what you see is what you get, a GIS can have many layers of information underneath its surface.
In this paper GIS is used as a tool to examine, analyze, and suggest solutions for areas where traffic collisions have occurred in

In the current research work real time gamma correction (contrast balancing) procedure were performed. The motivation behind this research work is to reproduce an accurate image on the monitor for an uncorrected image on a particular computer system. But, in the real world, it isn't quite this simple, especially when an image needs to look good on different systems, or platforms because most computers, or more specifically, most computer systems, do not work in exactly the same way. However, the current work exploit the advantage that the most monitors work in about the same way with respect to gamma correction to reproduce correction image. Different images from real world were tested using current procedure to illustrate efficiency of

The research shows that the fractal structure of the speech signal exhibits
fractal characteristics. The encouraging analysis results indicated that the fractal
dimension have good discrimination capabilities for speech signal, where it gave
a speaker recognition percentage about 70% (In the field of research for a single
parameter this percentage be valued), and these capabilities are strongly depends
on the setting situations of the recording process. The pitch period is the another
used parameter supported to the fractal dimension to strengthen the verification
decision. Where the pitch period estimated by a new suggested simple method to
gave a speaker verification percentage about 90%. The coa

Two-dimensional computer simulations are carried out to quantify the quality of
apodized square aperture (ASA) in terms of the diffraction limited resolution and the
efficiency of detection of faint companions. The study involve the quality of the
point spread function (psf), and the modulation transfer function (MTF) of a
reference star. Annular apodized square aperture (AASA) is also considered in this
study. The results are then compared with the classical circular aperture.
ASA shows high contrast which increases the possibility of detection of faint
companions and AASA demonstrates significant high frequency components which
leads to high resolution.

In this research work a new fractal coding scheme based on IFS-transform for zero-mean range-domain blocks is investigated. Some improvements were performed on the IFS-matching stage, these improvements implies the use of moment indexing as a criteria to filter the domain blocks that suitable to match the range blocks, in addition to the use of stopping search condition based on the monitoring the minimum matching error, these additional coding steps will reduce the required long fractal coding time. The test results indicated that the proposed improvements had reduced the required coding time to more than 10 times without significant degradation in image quality (MSE or PSNR) level. Also the results indicated that the brightness preserv

The PCA is statistical technique that transforms a multivariate data set consisting of inter-correlated variables into a data set consisting of variables that are uncorrelated linear combination. In our project principal component analysis “PCA” was applied for two set of original bands in two dates (bands 1, 5, and 7 in 1988 and bands 1, 5, and 7 in 1990).
In this method the PCA of six channel data sets consisting of multi-temporal LANDSAT TM image pairs often generates higher order principal components that are related to the changes in brightness.
Although the image produced by the first component summarizes the information’s
that are common to all channels, we can see that the first principal component is
do

The problem of atmospheric turbulence has taken a considerable amount of attentions in the literatures. Most of theise studies have not considering the quantitative aspects of the seeing conditions in terms of mathematical representation.
The study involves two-dimensional computer simulations of short exposure recording using Kolmogorov approach. The quality of these images is quantified in order to see the effects of atmospheric turbulence on the observed images. This assessment shows clearly the parameters that affect the possibilities of approaching diffraction limiting resolution of the telescope.
The results demonstrate that the average frequency components are linearly proportional to the square of the telescope radius a