شهدت العلاقات الاقتصادية بين روسيا والدولة العثمانية عدم الاستقرار وارتباطها بالعلاقات السياسية بين البلدين، وفي كثير من الفترات كانت تنقطع العلاقات الاقتصادية بسبب الحروب المتكررة بين البلدين . لكن شهدت العلاقات الاقتصادية بعد الحرب العالمية الأولى تبادل تجاري كبير وكذلك علاقات اقتصادية في كل المجالات من تبادل خبرات وتطوير مصانع ومعامل وخبراء اقتصاديين وغيرهم.

   كانت للمضايق ال

تعد مجلة التراث العلمي العربي احدى ثمرات مركز احياء التراث العلمي العربي في جامعة بغداد، اذ يزخر تاريخها بكم هائل من النتاجات البحثية التي ارفدت المكتبات العلمية العراقية بمختلف البحوث العلمية، فقد صدر العدد الاول من المجلة عام 1977 مما يجعلها من اوائل المجلات العراقية، وقد تعاقب على رئاسة تحريرها العديد من الاساتذة الذين كانت بصماتهم حاضرة في تطور المجلة.

لقد كانت الفتوحات الإسلامية ومنها فتح العرب والمسلمين لمصر محور الكثير من الدراسات الاستشراقية، فنرى الكثير من المستشرقين تعرض لفتح مصر أو أسباب توجه المسلمين لفتحها، أو تعامل المسلمين مع الأقباط.

فبعض هؤلاء المستشرقين جاءت دراساتهم موضوعية ومنهجية، وجاءت تحليلاتهم مطابقة للواقع؛ والبعض الآخر لم يدرس هذه الفتوحات بنظرة منهجية فاحصة وعلمية وموضوعية، لذلك نرى التضارب في أقوالهم وتحليلاتهم، بل نرى ال

       یعد تغیر المناخ تحدیاً صعباً للعدالة الاجتماعیة, فالأشخاص لیسو متساوین في التأثر بتغیر المناخ سيما الفئات الأكثر ضعفاً في الدول النامیة لأنها الأقل جاهزیة لمواجهة آثار تغیر المناخ, ویستخدم مصطلح العدالة المناخیة للنظر في حقوق الإنسان والمساواة والمسؤولیة التاریخیة فیما یتعلق بتغیر المناخ, ویمكن لمفاهیم العدالة البیئیة بشكل خاص والعدالة الاجتماعیة عموماً أن تحقق العدالة المناخیة من خ

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Mass transfer was studied using a rotating cylinder electrode with different lengths of legs acting as turbulence promoters. Two types of rotating cylinder ,made of brass, were examined : an enhanced cylinder one, with four rectangular extensions 10 mm long, 10 mm wide, and 1mm thick, and an enhanced cylinder two with four longitudes 30 mm long,10 mm wide, and 1mm thick. The best performance was obtained for enhanced cylinder two at low rotation speeds while enhanced cylinder one was realized at high rotation speeds. The mass transfer enhancement as compared with a normal rotating cylinder electrode, devoid of promoters, is 53% or 58% higher. The enhancement percentage decreased as rotation speeds increased further, since, seemingly, ful

عرفت الحضارة الرافدينية بغزارة النتاجات الفنية في مختلف مجالات الفنون لاسيما فن النحت المجسم, اذ ارتبط ارتباطاً وثيقاً بمجتمع بلاد الرافدين من خلال ما بينته من طبيعة المجتمعات القديمة والطقوس والشعائر الدينية التي مارسها سكان بلاد الرافدين، والتي كشفت بدورها عن الجوانب السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية في البلاد.

  ان التطور في الفكر الديني في بلاد الرافدين ادى إلى تباين الوظائف او الغايات التي صنع

Bobbin friction stir welding (BFSW) is a variant of the conventional friction stir welding (CFSW); it can weld the upper and lower surface of the work-piece in the same pass. This technique involves the bonding of materials without melting. In this work, the influence of tool design on the mechanical properties of welding joints of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy with 6.25 mm thickness produced by FSW bobbin tools was investigated and the best bobbin tool design was determined. Five different probe shapes (threaded straight cylindrical, straight cylindrical with 3 flat surfaces, straight cylindrical with 4 flat surfaces, threaded straight cylindrical with 3 flat surface and threaded straight cylindrical with 4 flat surfaces) with various dimensio

Hartree-Fock (HF) method relies in the calculations of nonlinear optical properties (NLO) for benzoic acid molecule. Also, another theoretical study is conducted by using the TD-DFT Density Functional Theory through B3LYP/High Base Set 6-311++G (2d,2p) on Gaussian program09. Moreover, an experimental study has been done to obtain the electrons spectrum for benzoic acid with and without ethanol. While the experimental study is done by using UV/VIS. spectrophotometer. Energy gap values of electronic transition between HOMO and LUMO is obtained from theoretical and experimental results. Consequently, the theoretical result for determining the energy gap calculated from EHOMO-LUMO wasvery close to the results of UV / VIS. spectrum. A theoretica

To evaluate the efficacy of the Erbium, Chromium-doped Yttrium Scandium Gallium Garnet laser (Er,Cr:YSGG) in sealing dentinal tubules with the incorporation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) paste, and without, when used on exposed dentin. Thirty-nine natural posterior teeth were prepared, sectioned, cleaned, and made ready for treatment. Samples were split into 3 groups: Group G1 is the control group (N=10). Group G2 (N=10) was exposed for 2 seconds to a 2780 nm Er,Cr:YSGG laser (Waterlase iPlus, Biolase Technology) in the free-running pulse mode, with 0.25 W power, 20 Hz frequency, a pulse width of 60 μs, a fibre tip size of 600 μm, and non-contact mode, and Group G3 (N=10) was exposed to Er,Cr:YSGG with carbon nanotubes (CNT

The process of employing modern technology in a consistent manner is what the researcher is interested in, and the psychological role of the sound effect in enhancing psychopathic representations in cinematic characters, which had a wide resonance in the field of cinematic films, and after the predominance of digital technology in the production of contemporary films, the sound effect has a higher efficiency And a good level of advanced aesthetic and dramatic expression in film employment, so many directors resorted to this type of films by using various new and advanced techniques and technological programs in their industry, since the traditional construction does not achieve the dazzling that the viewer desires.

Accordingly, th

. باتت سمة التغيير مطلوبة كون البقاء على ما هو عليه لم يعد كافياً للتحرك نحو المستقبل بمرحلة جديدة فضلاً عن التفاعل مع المتغيرات البيئية الداخلية والخارجية بكفاية عالية لحل المشكلات ومقاومة المعوقات بأوضاع تخطيطية وتنظيمية أفضل تُحسن الاتجاهات والمهارات وغيرها عند الأفراد، وهذا الأمر يقترب من مفهوم الإدارة الشامل من خلال ديمومة الاستمرارية بعمل متوازن بين متطلبات الحاضر والمستقبل، ويعد العنصر البشري ال

This Research based on an empirical study and tested the hypothesis of transition effects on a sample of young people in Sharjah University and trying to identify a new form of Media which is based on the production of new types of habits and patterns and their cultural impact. Recently, New Media appeared to refer to new types of Communication using the Internet. It’s enormous in the exchange of Information. The new Media contains multiple forms, including the form in which users produce by them to refer the entry of a new area of Media in which exchange of roles between the Sender and the recipient.

This study is trying to identify a new form of Media Web used (Press online or only Press online, Digi

Phosphorus and dye (direct black) removal for small – scale wastewater applications were investigated using oven dried alum sludge (ODS).The use of alum sludge not only provides a low cost technique but also reduces the hazard and the cost related to the disposal of large amount of alum sludge. Phosphorus and dye removal exceeds 90% for all operating conditions applied in the research.
The residuals generated during the treatment of wastewater were further tested to study the possibility of aluminum leaching from oven dried alum sludge during the adsorption of phosphorus and dye. These tests observed a reduction in aluminum leaching indicating a lower risk imposed on land and surface water based on disposal options rather than on al

    التعلم هي عملية البناء المعرفي والصراع، ناتجة عن الاختلافات الموجودة التي تنشأ بين تصور المتعلم للعالم الخارجي وما هو موجود في البناء المعرفي الذاتي للمتعلم. ومن الصعب تحقيق تعلم هادف لأن أي عيوب او خلل او قصور في المفاهيم المعرفية الحالية للمتعلم سيعيق بطبيعة الحال التعلم اللاحق. ومن ثم يصعب تحقيق تعلم هادف، اذن المدرسة هي مؤسسة اجتماعية، المنشأ الثاني الذي تعمل نيابة عن الأسرة في تكوين الأفراد

 Receipt date:11/19/2020 acceptance date:10/1/2021 Publishing date:12/31/2021

   This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Human rights are one of the basic concepts of modern and contemporary times, and political thought as the origin of political science and its source of knowledge have impact  in this science and its branches

Permethrin, is a synthetic insecticide of appreciably low mammalian toxicity, it is especia

 Hematological values of twenty normal male foals at 1-6 months , 7-12 months and

Abamectin activity against mange in buffaloes was evaluated by using 0.2 mg/kg. B. W. of this drug

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic disease that affects public health. It is described by weight reduction, irregular fever bouts, anemia, and amplification of the spleen and liver.

لما كان احد الأهداف الأساسية لرياض الأطفال هو المساهمة في إعداد الطفل وتنشئته تنشئة سليمة ، تحقق له النمو المتكامل ، من خلال توفير البيئة الملائمة له التي تحفز شخصيته على النمو في جميع جوانبها العقلية والاجتماعية والوجدانية والحركية ، وتلعب معلمة الروضة الدور الواضح والمتميز من خلال نقل الخبرات للأطفال والتي ترمي إلى تنمية قدراتهم واستعداداتهم وتشكيل الاتجاهات والسمات الايجابية في شخصياتهم  لذا ي

This study aims to illustrate and compare the perspectives of Ibn Sahnun and    al-Kabasi about educational system. To this end, the researcher adopted the inductive-analytical approach to analyze their educational perspectives. The study included two chapters: one to give an overview of the life of Ibn Sahnun and al-Kabasi and the other to analyze their perspectives. The findings revealed Ibn Sahnun and al-Kabasi confirmed that compliance with the Islamic rules is an essential condition over all aspects. As for Ibn Sahnun pointed out to the important of teaching Quran as a basic reference and guide of Muslim daily-life skills and behaviors. On the other hand, al-Kabasi focused on the creation and religion as two-main aspe

Rainwater harvesting could be a possible solution to decrease the consequences of water scarcity and energy deficiency in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). This study aims to calculate the water and energy (electricity) saved by rainwater harvesting for rooftops and green areas in Sulaimani city, KR, Iraq. Various data were acquired from different formal entities in Sulaimani city. Moreover, Google Earth and ArcMap 10.4 software were used for digitizing and calculating the total rooftop and green areas. The results showed that for the used runoff coefficients (0.8 and 0.95), the harvested rainwater volumes were 2901563 and 12197131 m³ during the study period (2005 – 2006) and (2019-2020). Moreover, by compa

This current study aims at recognizing the feelings of Baghdad University students towards life quality. The research variables are: gender (male, female), the academic specialization (science, humanities), the academic stage (2^nd, 4^th). To achieve the research aims, the researcher adopted Life Quality Scale of (Mensi and Kadhim 2006) which is consist of (56) items in its final figure in five alternatives. The researcher tested the psychometric features of the scale represented by validity and reliability. The scale has been applied on a sample of Baghdad University students that is contained of (240) students equally distributed in the Colleges of Engineering, Science, Arts, and Political sciences.

The research represents an applied study to the urban scene of Baghdad city center within the area of (Al Bab Al Sharqi – Al Tahrir Square) through studying and identifying the levels of the reciprocal correlation of advertising signs impact on urban scene , then finding out the indicators and potential values which have made advertising signs as positive value by achieving the mechanisms of visual quality or a negative value by achieving mechanisms of visual pollution. And then examining the resulted visual perception defect reforming mechanism from it and identify the basic elements represented of the laws and legislation known worldwide. When presenting the problem, The research depends on: (Lack of clear perception

Anumerical solutions is presented to investigate the effect of inclination angle (θ) , perforation ratio (m) and wall temperature of the plate (T_w) on the heat transfer in natural convection from isothermal square flat plate up surface heated (with and without concentrated hole). The flat plate with dimensions of (128 mm) length × (64 mm) width has been used five with square models of the flat plate that gave a rectangular perforation of (m=0.03, 0.06, 0.13, 0.25, 0.5). The values of angle of inclination were (0^o, 15^o 30^o 45^o 60^o) from horizontal position and the values of wall temperature (50^oC, 60 ^oC, 70 ^oC, 90 ^oC, 100^o<

This study was aimed to estimate the influence of Conocarpus erectus L. residues, and some micronutrients on growth and production of potato. This research was conducted at one of the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad. The experiment was implemented using factorial arrangement (4X3X3) within randomized complete block design with three replicates. Conocarpus fertilizer was represented the first factor with three levels (7.5, 15, 30 ton.ha^-1), which symbolized (C2, C3, C4). Mineral fertilizer as recommended dose as a control, which symbolized (C1). The second factor was foliar spraying with three levels of iron (0, 100, 2

أهمية البحث والحاجة إليه:

تبدو لنا المسؤولية الاجتماعية بأنها أحدى الخصائص التي يكتسبها الفرد من بيئته الاجتماعية, بتأثير مجموعة القيم التي تحكم سلوك الأفراد في ذلك المجتمع فتبدأ المسؤولية الاجتماعية بأولى صورها على شكل إدراك الفرد لمتطلبات المجتمع وإدراكه لدوره في المساهمة في أنجاز تلك المتطلبات, وفي الواقع إن الإدراك لوحده لا يكفي لان يمارس الفرد مسؤوليته داخل المجتمع, فيظهر المستوى الأخر و

Abstract

The research aims to identify the logical intelligence of distinguished students and to identify the extent of the contribution of the fields of logical intelligence to the sensitivity of students' sensory processing in distinguished schools. The research sample consisted of (400) male and female students selected by the stratified random method with the proportional method. The scale that was prepared according to the theoretical framework and the adopted theory was applied after being subject to the psychometric properties of validity and reliability, Logical thinking (observation, interpretation, mathematical and arithmetic operations) contributed to sensory processing. The results showed that disting

An experiment was conducted in the Date Palm Research Units labs / College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad to assess the tolerance toward salinity stress in potato after two mutagens treatments in vitro. Potato cv. Arizona and Rivera nodal segments were irradiated with four dosages of gamma rays at 0, 10, 20, and 30 Gray and immersed in (EMS) with four concentrations included 0, 10, 20, and 30 mM. The survival rates after mutagenesis treatments were calculated and 449 lines were obtained. The lines were tested for salinity tolerance by growing in MS medium supplemented with four concentrations of NaCl at 0, 100, 150, and 200 mM and data were analyzed according to the CRD with 10 replicates an