الخلفية: ان غلبة انتشار اصابات الرأس بين المدنيين و توفير المستشفيات الغطاء الطبي السريري أصبح ذو اهمية عالميه من الناحية الطبية. لقد تبين ان كامن جذع الدماغ السمعي المثار لا يتأثربعوامل الجسم العامةوالمواد السمية والنواتج الأيضية مما جعلها  مفيدة بصورة خاصة في تمييز الأختلال الوظيفي المعكوس لجذع الدماغ السمعي عن التمزق التركيبي.

اهداف البحث: الغرض من هذ

الخلفية: - ترتبط البدانة مع اضطرابات كبيرة في وظيفة الغدد الصماء ويعتبر   الأنسولين في الدم المفرط ومقاومة الأنسولين من أفضل التغيرات المعروفة في السمنة، ولكن وأهميتها السريرية ليست محددة بوضوح.

هدف الدراسةِ: - لتَحرّي العلاقةِ بين الالفا-1 انتيتربسين واللبتين والاديبونكتين في مصلِ السمنه واكتِشاف الأهدافِ الجديدةِ لمُعَالَجَة السمنةِ والامراضِ المتل

Background: Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) means failure to establish effective spontaneous breathing after complete delivery & leads to many changes if not diagnosed or treated immediately as mental retardation, cerebral palsy and epilepsy.
Objective: to study the demographic and clinical predictors of perinatal outcome in full term neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.
Methods: Forty two neonates were diagnosed as cases of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy by specialist pediatricians & admitted in Children Welfare Teaching Hospital & Al Kut Hospital in the period from January 2008 to March 2009. Predictors studied were sex, birth weight, Apgar scores at 1,5,15 min., meconium

Background: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a family of autosomal recessive disorders of cortisol biosynthesis. Depending on the enzymatic step that is deficient, there may be signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings of mineralocorticoid deficiency or excess; incomplete virilization or premature puberty in affected males; and virilization or sexual infantilism in affected females. The most frequent is 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency, accounting for more than 90% of cases.
Objectives: to review cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia registered in children welfare teaching hospital- medical city- Baghdad.
Patients and method: This study included all patients who were presented and registered in the e

Background: Although the issue of anemia after renal transplantation (RT) has received increasing attention lately, the data on the exact prevalence of post-transplantation anemia (PTA) in the Iraqi patients are limited.
Objective: In this study we sought to determine the prevalence of PTA among Iraqi patients and to correlate the renal allograft function measurements and the use of immunosuppressant with the prevalence of anemia.
Patients and Methods: One hundred and twelve (74 male, 38 female) kidney transplant recipients (KTR) attending the kidney transplant center at surgical specialties hospital were studied. All patients were on maintenance, combined immunosuppressive therapy. The renal function

Background: one of the complications of rigid bronchoscope is the cardiovascular responses that may carry a dangerous drawback during and after the procedure. Prevention and control of these events will be crucial, especially for the old and cardiovascular debilitated patients.
Objective: The study aims to control and attenuate the unwanted hemodynamic responses to the rigid bronchoscpe using intravenous lidocaim and GTN.
Method: a study was performed on three groups of patients undergone a diagnostic procedure of bronchoscope. Each group consists of 20 patients at the same age and relatively similar pathology. The three groups (group one, two and three) received lidocaine, glyceryltrinitrate and no drug re

Back ground: The use of Montelukast in mild and moderate asthma has been studied ,allergic rhinitis or rhinitis and asthma are strongly inter related, Montelukast has been used in both conditions, whether treating rhinitis will improve asthma control ,a point which has been stressed recently.
Objectives: To evaluate the effect of Montelukast in mild and moderate asthma according to Global INitiative For Asthma guidelines ( GINA),and to compare its use in asthma alone and in asthma which is associated with persistant rhinitis symptoms.
Patients and methods: Seventy patients who fulfill the criteria of mild and moderate asthma according to Global INitiative For Asthma guidelines had been recruited from t

Background: Bladder carcinoma is one of the most common cancer worldwide, it accounts for 6.5% of all cancers, with highest incidence in industrialized countries .It represents the fourth most common cancer in men and the eighth in women. Bladder carcinoma depends in its pathogenesis on a combination of genetic and environmental factors, these factors produce phenotypic changes that allow normal transitional cells to become cancerous and finally acquire the “malignant phenotype".  Many attempts had been tried to explore the role of some genetic abnormalities encountered in bladder carcinoma. It has indicated that many genetic abnormalities may underline the pathogenesis of cancer evolution of urinary

Background: Thrombocytopenia is the second most common hematological abnormality in pregnancy following anemia. However, its incidence causes and outcomes received scarce attention, particularly in developing countries like Iraq.
Objective: This study was conducted to determine the incidence, causes and consequences of thrombocytopenia on both the mother and fetus.
Material and Methods: Platelet counts were performed on 600 pregnant women in their third trimester and on 200 age matched non pregnant healthy women, as well as 150 of the newborns of the former groups.
Results: The overall incidence of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy was 8.6%, with the gestational thrombocytopenia implicated in 76.9%,. Hy

the clinical teaching courses so far did not take the required attention and unfortunately because on granted that all doctors are expert in it without attention on directions ,for that reason we think that all clinical teaching is the most neglected part of medical teaching and for this reason it is found that there are many deficit in it and it is worsening that ward round were haphazard and taking excitement in many aspects.for this reason more than attention is needed to construct more effective clinical courses and teachers have to be trained on it.As it has been noticed that this needs more research and we should check the following :
1. Monitoring the active participation by the student and how many of them stand as on observat

Background; this study is designed to assess the effect of religious and spiritual beliefs on quality of life among two groups of university students in Iraq and Jordan.
Objective: to examine the psychological impact of religious and spiritual beliefs on quality of life and to implement the Quality of Life- Spiritual Religious and Personal Beliefs(QOL-SRPB)
questionnaire for the first time in both countries .
Method :A convenient sample of advanced medical students from Baghdad college of Medicine in Iraq and College of Medicine in University of Science and Technology in Jordan recruited during April 2008 to complete 200 forms of the Arabic modified version of QOL-SRPB simultaneously.
Results: Analysis of

Background: The intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) can be classified as traumatic and spontaneous. The frontal and temporal lobes are classic sites for traumatic ICH, which are less commonly affected by spontaneous episodes. Computed tomography (CT) scanning is the most accurate radiological method for demonstrating the acute lesion of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Both types are of high density, but traumatic bleeding is more frequently multifocal, in this study we are dealing with traumatic type of intracerebral hematoma. Aim of the study is to identify the accuracy and performance of CT scan in diagnosis and evaluation of intracerebral hemorrhage.
Patients and methods: 60 patients were examined, their ag

Background: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a common rheumatologic syndrome with multiple manifestations and associated with many diseases, it characterized by chronic wide
spread muscular pain and tenderness. Resistin is an adipokine discovered in 2001 and considered as a link between obesity and type 2 diabetes by antagonizing and resisting the
action of insulin as it name encompass ;resistin (resist insulin) . It is secreted mainly from adipose tissue in mice and from white blood cells besides the adipose tissue in humans.
Research reviled that resistin has a role in some inflammatory diseases like Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA).
Objective: The objective of this study is to measure Resistin concentration and

Background typhoid fever is the commonest cause of non traumatic terminal ileal perforation in our study with a grave postoperative morbidity & mortality depending upon preoperative time delay &/or type of surgical intervention practiced. 
Objective to evaluate the frequency of non traumatic causes of terminal ileal perforation, their presentations,perforation-operation interval effect on complications, as well as different modalities of treatment and their complications.
Methods the study is a prospective study of 82 patients with perforation of terminal ileum diagnosed by explorative laparatomy in Al Kindy teaching hospital ,Baghdad, Iraq from April 2008- December 2010, all of the patien

Background: Delayed interval cholecystectomy can be performed to overcome the logistical difficulties in performing ‘early urgent’ laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) within 72 hours of
admission with acute cholecystitis (AC), and to avoid earlier re-admission with recurrent AC in patients waiting ‘delayed interval’ cholecystectomy.
Objectives: To evaluate the safety and feasibility of ‘delayed urgent’ LC performed beyond 72 hours.
Methods: Patients admitted with AC were scheduled for urgent LC. Patients who underwent ‘early urgent’ LC were compared with those who had ‘delayed urgent’ surgery.
Results: Fifty consecutive patients underwent urgent LC for AC within 2 weeks of admission. Ther

Background: Dysentery is an important cause of morbidity and mortality associated with diarrhea. About 10% of all diarrheal episodes in children less than 5 years are dysenteric, but these cause about 15% of all deaths attributed to diarrhea.
Objective : To demonstrate the most common pathogens causing bloody diarrhea in children between 2 months and 5 years old, to describe some of the associated factors accompanying bloody diarrhea and to highlight the most important clinical features.
Patients and methods: A descriptive study of 82 children, between the age of 2 months to 5 years with bloody diarrhea, who were admitted to the Children Welfare Teaching Hospital/ Medical City/Baghdad during the period betw

Background: “The absolute refractory” period is the time interval during which the nerve fiber is in capable of conducting another impulse after a conditioning stimulus and the determination of the refractory period distribution in a nerve can give a good idea about the characteristics of the conducting fibers constituting that nerve as it reflects their excitability and could be used as a sensitive  indicator for the ability of the nerve fiber to conduct pairs of closely spaced impulses.
Methods: The new collision test was used to measure precisely the absolute motor refractory period and the paired shock technique to measure the absolute sensory refractory period in the ulnar nerves of 167 normal in

Background: Inflammation contributes across the spectrum of cardiovascular disease, including the earliest steps in atherogenesis. Myocardial Infarction (MI) is most commonly due to occlusion (blockage) of a coronary artery following the rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. It has been suggested that the adipose tissue may play an important role in mediating this chronic inflammatory process, human resistin, is a 12.5-kDa protein, it found in the inflammatory zone. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, it secreted by T cells and macrophages to stimulate immune response. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein found in the blood, the levels of CRP rise in response to inflammation.

Background: Kisspeptin the product of the gene Kiss1 is a G-protein coupled receptor legend for GPR54. Kiss1 was originally identified as a human metastasis suppressor gene that has the ability to suppress melanoma and breast cancer metastasis. It is recently become clear that kisspeptin-GPR54 signaling has an important role in initiating GnRH secretion at puberty, the extent of which is an area of ongoing research.
Objective: The present study was designed to determine the change of plasma kisspeptin levels during the menstrual cycle
Materials & Methods: A total of 20 women from friends and relatives pool were involved in this study. Selected from frinds and relative .They were selected after meas

Background: Until today, the etiology of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) remains unknown, although hints of its etiologic basis lay on genetic susceptibility, infectious agents and alterations in immune mechanics.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible alterations in salivary tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Immunoglobulin-A (IgA) level in patients with RAS and its relation with clinical types of disease.
Subjects and Methods: Salivary TNF-α levels were investigated in 50 RAS patients and 25 healthy controls by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Single radial immune diffusion method was used for estimation of IgA level in two studied groups.
Results: S

Background: Alteration in the expression of p53 tumor-suppressor protein is an event that occurs frequently in human cancer, but the practical implications of this phenomenon are yet to be fully exploited.
Objectives: to determine the value of p53 expression as a marker of tumor aggressiveness and the relationship between p53 over expression and clinico-pathologic variables in gastric adenocarcinoma.
Material & Methods: The expression of p53 was studied immunohisto-chemically in 10 cases with gastric dysplasia and 85 cases with gastric adenocarcinomas using formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples. D07 a monoclonal antibody to p53 protein was used for the immunehistochemical analysis. The c

Background: Several factors render chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) an interesting subject for study by researchers. These include marked progress in understanding the molecular biology of normal and neoplastic lymphocytes and recent advances in molecular genetics techniques. Among molecular markers, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), have been widely studied.
Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate the role of VEGF in the pathogenesis of CLL and its role in disease progression.
Patients, materials and methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was done on 60 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (45 males & 15 females) compared with 20 controls (anemic patients), all recr

Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant clonal expansion of plasma cells. Previous studies had demonstrated that both bone marrow angiogenesis as measured by microvessel density (MVD) and PCNA were increased in variety of malignant disorders, including multiple myeloma.
Objective: Assessment of angiogenesis in bone marrow of MM patients by using immunohistochemical stain to measure microvessel density (MVD) using factor VIII –related antigen and to evaluate the expression of PCNA antigen in plasma cells of MM bone marrow sections . Also to find the correlation between these two parameters and between them and the percentage of plasma cells infiltration in bone marrow of MM.
Patients, materia

Background: High oncogenic-risk genotypes of human Papillomavirus (HPV) infect a wide range of human cells, including prostate tissue that give rise to benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic adenocarcinomas.
Objectives: This study aimed to detect DNA of HPV genotype-16 &18 using in situ hybridization technique in prostatic tissues from benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic adenocarcinomas, and elucidate the association between these HPV genotypes and prostatic carcinogenesis.
Patients and methods: Forty-eight (48) formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded prostatic tissue blocks were obtained ,among them (28) tissue biopsies from prostatic carcinoma with different grades and (20) benign prostate h

Back ground: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a common complication of all liver diseases. However clinical and experimental data suggest a direct role of HCV in the perturbation of glucose metabolism. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of HCV infection as a risk factor to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus, and to study the immunopathogenicity of HCV in diabetes mellitus patients, through the assessment of IFN-γ, TNF- α and IL-10 serum levels.
Objectives: Is to investigate the role of HCV infection as a risk factor to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus, and to study the immunopathogenecity of HCV in diabetes mellitus patients, through the assessment of IFN-γ, TNF- α and IL-10 serum levels.

 Background: Recent data provide evidence that p53 plays a critical role in mediating pregnancy by regulating steroid hormone activation
Objective: localization of semi quantitation tof por protein at the materno-fetal interface, in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss.
Methods: Immunohistochemistry analysis of p53 protein using paraffin embedded sections of curate samples obtained from 40 women, who where divided into three groups: 24 women with RPL, 10 women with abortion for the first time, and 6 women with induced abortion.
Results: The mean value of the expression of p53 protein in the RPL group was (65.8±2.16), which is significantly higher than that of the second group (48.0±2.81), and th

Back ground: Intestinal parasitic infections are among the most common infections world wide and are regarded as a serious public-health problem.
Methods: The study was carried out during the period from October 2008 to the end of January 2009 in five different markets of Baghdad. Six different type of vegetables were selected for this study including tomato, onion, cabbage, lettuce, carrot and pepper. The vegetables soaked for 10 minutes and washed in saline, centrifuged and the sediment examined for the presence of intestinal parasites. A total of 168 specimens of faeces were collected from vegetables handlers of the markets studied then, specimens were examined for the presence of intestinal parasites by the direct smear method and

Background: we know that TNF-a which is consider an important inflammatory cytokine mediate the inflammatory reactions which occur in the tissues against the infections agents and other causes of inflammation therefore, here we try to study the role of TNF-a in chronic Rheumatic heart disease and the relationship of TNF-a with extent of histopathological.

Background: The diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in human can be determined by variable immunological and molecular methods.

Background: Iraq is an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis (VK=L) (kala-azar) which is caused by the intracellular parasite leishmania donovani.