Of the new concepts introduced by the decree of the amendment of the French Civil Code No. 131-2016 issued on 10 February 2016, which raised a debate in jurisprudence both at the level of French jurisprudence or the Arab, the concept of (the content of the contract), which seems to have emerged from the appearance of new legal articles ( 1162-1171) is the cornerstone of the contract and the contract in the contract, the two pillars which, over the course of 200 years and a half, have been one of the main pillars of the codification of Napoleon. Is that the decree of amendment has already abandoned these two pillars, or most of what he did is a change in terminology while preserving the content of these two pillars implicitly, this is what w

Despite the great economic and commercial importance given to real estate by virtue of its view of the landscape or public roads, US courts have differed in their position on compensation for damages resulting from blocking that view or vision by public projects. Some courts compensated for such damages, other courts approved such compensation. Hence, this research came to shed light on the extent of the possibility of compensation for blocking the view or vision as a result of public projects, and the research has supported us with many judicial decisions.

Since the law is the tool for implementing the state’s public policies, it is natural that its provisions (or at least some of them) seek to preserve human dignity as the source on which all rights and freedoms are based. One of the examples of humanizing the provisions of the law in France is what is known as the winter truce. What is this truce, what are the justifications for granting it, what is its historical origin, how did the legislative treatment of it develop, what are the similarities and differences between it and other legal periods included in French law, what is the scope of its application, and what are the effects resulting from it. These questions and others are what we will try to answer through this research.

Contemporary life is racing against time in its temptations and variables, and it has become shaped and changed in an amazing way in its various aspects and fields. This was facilitated by intellectual and scientific communication between civilizations, and the rapid progression in successive inventions and discoveries in the fields of science and arts of knowledge. This contributed to a great economic and commercial renaissance. Then, these economic developments entered the world into a very strong competition, which forced producers to calculate all production costs, to reach the highest profits by reducing the price of the produced commodity on the one hand, and achieving quality in appearance (especially) on the other hand. Since the ma

Police play an important role in any society. Where they maintain public order by stopping and deterring crime and bringing criminals to justice. In order to achieve these objectives, they have certain means of law (search, arrest, use of force that may be lethal in some cases). However, such means may be misused in a way that harms members of society such as (Exceeding the Scope of a search warrant, violation of privacy of individuals, False Imprisonment, Excessive use of force, Sudden Deaths in custody, Sexual Assault and Harassment, Failure to respond for Domestic violence calls), which raises the civil liability of police officers and their agencies for such damage. Police officers may even abuse their characteristics even outside offic

Compensation is one of the most discussed topics in the arena of civil law that requires research About solutions to the damages that arise from the promotion of extremist ideas, which were imposed by the developments taking place in society and the increasing escalation of accidents and their increasing risks, which now threaten individuals and their property on a daily basis in large numbers, as the injured party always seeks to require quick compensation from the person responsible for the damage that satisfies his desires and removes the effects of the damage caused, The importance of compensation increases if the violation affects a person’s physical integrity or his right to life, which is the highest right recognized for humans in

The global health crisis resulting from the spread of the Corona virus, which the World Health Organization described on January 30, 2020 as a public health emergency of international concern, then returned to describe it as a pandemic on March 11, 2020, and the measures and procedures taken by government authorities in different countries of the world, whether at the highest level of imposing a comprehensive curfew or what is called globally home quarantine and thus disrupting all sectors and activities in the state, whether public or private (with the exception of some sectors such as the health, media and security sectors), or at a lower level than that, such as reducing work rates in different sectors by rates that vary from one country

There are two ways that the contract might be formed with (contracting between persons who are attended and contracting between absence persons).the need for determining the precise moment of the contract , is so clear because there is a specify period separate between the declaration of acceptance and the knowledge with it .and it is clear from the four theories known for jurisprudence (theory of the declaration of the acceptance, theory of exporting the acceptance , theory of the arrival of the acceptance , theory of the knowledge with the acceptance ) . It is difficult to promote one theory on another one if we look at each one and the justification of its supporters and what the opponents of each theory expose. Legal background and diff

It is necessary for police agencies both in the United States and elsewhere in the world to have rapid intervention units that carry out special tasks that regular police cannot handle, such as carrying out search warrants and arresting dangerous criminals, Armed robbery, release of hostages, terrorist incidents, mentally disturbed persons, and other special missions. They are supposed to be well trained, highly self-confident; working together, self-disciplined, and use the force to deal with the special situations they may face. Either there have been many cases in the United States of America against members of these units, personally or against the agencies, they work in because of excessive use of force in many cases that have been use

At a time when the general rules in the different legal systems require the presence of two parties to the contract, one of which is issued the first expression of the will and is called the offer, and the other is issued from the other and is called the acceptance. A special type of contracts emerged in the beginning of the last century called the “unilateral contracts”. The side sparked a major jurisprudential dispute, as well as the issuance of several contradictory judicial rulings on it. Hence, this research came to highlight this special type of contract. Key words: the definition of a unilateral contract, its distinction from other legal situations, and its effects.

Piracy on phonograms is now, rightly, the crime of the electronic age. Despite the protection sought by States to provide for such registrations, whether at the level of national legislation or international agreements and conventions, but piracy has been and continues to pose a significant threat to the rights of the producers of those recordings, especially as it is a profitable way for hackers to get a lot of money in a way Illegal, which is contrary to the rules of legitimate competition. Hence, this research highlights the legal protection of producers of phonograms in light of the Iraqi Copyright Protection Act No. (3) of 1971, as amended.

The duration of the contract is a legal term first provided for in French Amendment Decree No. 131/2016, and given the increasing importance of time in contracts, we have chosen to study the legal rules governing time at the formative stage by drawing on changes in French law compared to both Iraqi and Egyptian laws. Article 1102 of French Amendment Decree No. 131/2016 stipulates that: "Everyone is free to contract or not to contract, to choose the person with whom he contracts, and to determine the content and form of the contract within the limits established by law." Contractual freedom does not permit a breach of the rules relating to public order), as well as article 1104, which provides for (contracts must be nego

The freedom to promote ideas is one of the freedoms protected by constitutions and laws, and it is exercised by individuals through traditional and electronic media. However, this freedom must be exercised according to certain limits, represented by the necessity of respecting human rights, just as individuals have the freedom to exercise their right to publish and express their opinion in every way. Frankly, in return, she must respect the rights of others . Perhaps the development that has occurred in the various media, including journalism, radio, television, and the emergence of a new medium represented by the Internet, has contributed significantly to harming the security of individuals through the promotion of extremist ideas. This be

تهدف الدراسة إلى استعراض ظهور كراسي اليونسكو في الجامعات العراقية والأنشطة التي تم تنفيذها لتحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة، حيث تم إنشاء كل كرسي لتحقيق أحد هذه الأهداف التي تركت أثرها على بعض القطاعات التعليمية والاجتماعية ، وبالتالي تنبع أهمية الدراسة من الحاجة إلى الإشارة إلى إنشاء كراسي اليونسكو في الجامعات العراقية والأنشطة التي عززت إنشائها ونشاطها ومبادراتها المحلية والدولية, وكذلك تحديد ما حقق

    أدى بروز شركة الشخص الواحد كنقلة نوعية فى منظومة التشريعات التجارية لمواكبة أحتياجات السوق ونتيجة التطور الاقتصادي وأنشطة التجارة ولحاجة السوق لظهور العديد من الشركات وزيادة فرصة العمل والقضاء على البطالة, ويعتبر أستحداث شركة الشخص الواحد محدودة المسؤولية نقطة تحول لأنها ستشجع العديد من أصحاب الانشطة الاقتصادية على تأسيس هذة الشركات بشكل سليم قانونا مما يكون له أثر على تحسين الاقتصاد  فى مؤ

هناك القليل من الأشخاص على اطلاع على المعلومات الداخلية للشركة ، وذلك من خلال المركزالوظيفي الذي يشغلونه في تلك الشركة ، أو قد يكون من خلال ارتباطهم بعلاقات مع أشخاص مطلعين عليها.

    فاذا تمت عملية بيع الأسهم أو شرائها بناءا على تلك المعلومات والتي كان المركز الوظيفي للمطلع او علاقاته مع مطلعين عليها سبباً في الحصول عليها ومما سيؤديه ذلك من جمع أرباح على حساب أشخاص ليس لديهم اطلاع على تلك المعلوم

أن تعدد الصراعات الدولية او غير الدولية، بين الأديان وبين الأعراق لا يتضمن فقط هجمات ضد السكان المدنيين ولكن أيضا، في كثير من الحالات، يؤدي إلى تدمير الممتلكات المدنية، بما في ذلك الممتلكات الثقافية. فأعمال التخريب الموجهة ضد هذه الممتلكات أو تدمير هذه الممتلكات أمر شائع خاصة في مثل هذه الصراعات، فالممتلكات الثقافية يمكن اعتبارها بمثابة رمز للهوية الثقافية والتاريخية بالنسبة إلى الطرف المقابل في هذا الصد

لقد أصبحت حماية المستهلك في التعاقد عبر الانترنت، محل اهتمام الفكر القانوني بأبعاده الثلاثة، التشريع والفقه والقضاء، وهذه الحماية تجد أساسها في المركز الضعيف للمستهلك، واختلال التوازن بينه وبين المهني الذي يقدم له السلعة أو الخدمة عبر الانترنت. ولقد اختص هذا البحث بحماية رضا المستهلك في التعاقد عبر الانترنت وذلك في أربعة مباحث على النحو الآتي:

المبحث الأول: ماهية عقد الاستهلاك عبر الانترنت.

ان بحثنا هذا تطرق الى موضوع التنمية المستدامة وهو مرتبط بالقواعد القانونية لقانون العمل النافذ لتحقيق الحماية اللازمة لحقوق المرأة العاملة، فقانون العمل العراقي النافذ وضع عده قواعد مستوحاة من نصوص الاتفاقيات الدولية لحماية المرأة العاملة في العمل، وتلخصت هذه القواعد في بحثنا الى قواعد الحماية من التحرش الجنسي في العمل، وقاعدة الحصول على عمل لائق بالمرأة في العمل، فالعراق كان من الدول المنظمة لاتفاقية (

        أدى انتشار وباء فيروس كورونا (covid-19) الى لجوء السلطات العامة المختصة الى اتخاذ جملة من التدابير والإجراءات الوقائية للحد من انتشاره ومكافحته، وقد تنوعت هذه ألإجراءات ما بين تقييد لبعض الحريات ، ومنها حرية التنقل والتجمع والحريات الاقتصادية في العمل والتجارة ، وتنظيم المرافق العامة لغرض التكيف مع الوضع المستجد والحد من انتشار الوباء ، وإن أهم هذه الإجراءات التي اتخذتها السلطات الضبطي

بصدور الدستور الحالي استبشر رجال القانون بصدور العديد من الإصلاحات القانونية وعلى الأخص في مجال الوظيفة العامة , لأهمية الوظيفة العامة باعتبارها تكليف وطني وخدمة اجتماعية يستهدف القائم بها المصلحة العامة وخدمة المواطنين في ضوء القواعد القانونية النافذة وهذا الحكم يتوافق وأحكام الدستور النافذ، فهي خدمة من نوع خاص تهدف إلى  تحقيق المصلحة العامة وهي تتكون من الصلاحيات والواجبات والمسؤوليات التي تناط قان

تضع قواعد القانون الدولي الإنساني قيوداً على أطراف النزاعات المسلحة في اختيارها للأسلحة ووسائل الحرب وأساليبها التي تستخدمها . ويتعين على الدول عند تطويرها أو اقتنائها لأسلحة جديدة التحقق من إنها تمتثل بذلك لهذه القواعد ، ويدل التقدم الحالي الذي تشهده التكنولوجيا الجديدة على أن من المهم جداً مواصلة تقييم مشروعية الأسلحة الجديدة .

يتمثل اساس التجريم في قانون العقوبات في حماية الحقوق سواء كانت الحقوق متعلقة بحياة الانسان او في ماله او كانت الحقوق متعلقة بحماية الممتلكات العامة ، وبالتالي فان اي اعتداء يطال هذه الحقوق يعد جريمة . والجريمة لا تقوم الا اذا توافر ركنيها المادي والمعنوي (الاثم الجنائي) ، اذ يشترط توافر بجانب ماديات الجريمة القصد الجنائي لدى الجاني ، اي ان يتوافر لديه العلم بكافة ماديات الجريمة باعتباره احد عناصر العمد ، لكن

يعد الاستحواذ أحد الأساليب التي تلجأ اليها الشركة لتوسيع نشاطها وسيطرتها مباشرة على الشركات الاخرى أو عبر شركات قابضة وسيطة أو قد يلجأ كبار المساهمين للحصول على حصص مؤثرة في الشركة ذاتها ,وقد أضفى نشاط الاستحواذ على الشركات أهمية خاصة لتميزها من باقي الشركات التجارية, وقد أدت التغييرات الأقتصادية  في العراق وحاجة البلد لرؤوس أموال أجنبية وخبرات متعددة ومتنوعة فضلا"عن الحاجة إلى تقنية معينة لزيادة القدر

يمارس مجلس شورى الدولة اختصاصه الاستشاري من خلال إصدار الفتاوى والآراء القانونية للوزارات والجهات غير المرتبطة بوزارة وتتولى هذه المهمة الهيئات الاستشارية وهي كل من الهيئة العامة وهيئة الرئاسة والهيئة المتخصصة.

إذ إن الهيئات الاستشارية أنفة الذكر تمارس اختصاصات مختلفة في مجال التقنين وفي مجال إبداء الرأي القانوني وتقديم المشورة القانونية.

وقد استطاع مجلس شورى الدولة من خلال ممارسة اختصاصه الاس

       تهدف هذه الدراسة الى معرفة مدى قدرة النظام القانوني العراقي على تنظيم العقود الخاصة بتصميم أو تطوير البرامج الخاصة للمعلومات بناءاً على طلب شخص معين, وذلك في ظل تميز البرامج الخاصة للمعلومات عن البرامج النموذجية للمعلومات, فالبرامج الأخيرة  تورد على أنها سلع بعكس الأولى فهي تورد طبقاً لأحكام عقد المقاولة, وهذا ما يؤدي الى صعوبات في تكييف العقد نظراً لتداخله مع عقدي البيع والإيجار, ونت

Despite the global economic downturn, online e-commerce, especially the sale of counterfeit goods, continues to witness a rise in sales, and one of the important players in e-commerce is the owners of e-commerce auction sites. Although they do not have a direct role in trademark infringement, they still consider them indirectly responsible (secondary liability) for infringing on their trademarks. Thus, many cases have been filed by the owners of the original trademarks (which have been infringed by persons who have sold some of the goods and products that are imitating their marks through some electronic auctions) against the owners of those auctions. In view of the international character of the Internet, in different countries, and despit

The right of the patient to know the medical risks surrounding the medical intervention is one of the most prominent rights based on the principle of "physical safety", which has undergone several stages of development until it reached the development of the patient's independence in making medical decision without relying on the doctor, The patient's prior informed consent is informed of his / her medical condition. We will study this development in accordance with the French March 4, 2002 legislation on the rights of patients in the health system, whether it was earlier and later. We will highlight the development of the patient's right to "know the medical risks surrounding medical intervention" The legislation and its comparison with th