يتمحور موضوع هذا البحث حول الصراع بين البابوية والإمبراطورية الألمانية في القرن السابع الهجري / الثالث عشر الميلادي وأثره في الحركة الصليبية في المشرق الإسلامي.

   وقد تبين لنا من خلال هذه الدراسة أنه كان لهذا النزاع نتائج وخيمة على الحركة الصليبية في الشرق الأوسط من جانبين ، الجانب الأول هو ضعف دور البابوية في دعم وتشجيع الحملات الصليبية على الشرق الإسلامي في  القرن السابع الهجري/

أثرت حرب السنوات السبع (1756-1763) بشكل كبير في منطقة الخليج العربي، إذ شهدت المنطقة تنافساً شديداً بين بريطانيا وفرنسا بشكل كبير، وشهدت عدة مصادمات بين السفن التجارية، وكانت منطقة الخليج العربي أحد أهم المسارح للعمليات العسكرية بين الدولتين، الأمر الذي دعا بريطانيا إلى البحث عن مناطق بديلة آمنة خوفاً من الاستهدافات الفرنسية المتكررة على وكالاتها التجارية، وكان آخرها انتقال الوكالة البريطانية إلى البصرة عام

In this paper, a mathematical model consisting of harmful phytoplankton and two competing zooplankton is proposed and studied. The existence of all possible equilibrium points is carried out. The dynamical behaviors of the model system around biologically feasible equilibrium points are studied. Suitable Lyapunov functions are used to construct the basins of attractions of those points. Conditions for which the proposed model persists are established. The occurrence of local bifurcation and a Hopf bifurcation are investigated. Finally, to confirm our obtained analytical results and specify the vital parameters, numerical simulations are used for a hypothetical set of parameter values.

In the last few years, the world toward attention to the renewable and clean
energy sources in order to reduce the environmental pollutions and reduce the coast.
Therefore, the windmills technology was essential in these applications. In this
paper, the climatic data and geographic information system (GIS) facilities were
used to study and produce the wind speed map on the ground level for Iraq country.
Many Field data, (climatic monitoring) from the periods, (1953-1970) and (1971-
2010) were collected and prepared. The data source was the Iraqi metrological
department, this establishment operates and control wide climatic stations
distributed around country. Many image processing and remote sensin

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The paper aims to propose Teaching Learning based Optimization (TLBO) algorithm to solve 3-D packing problem in containers. The objective which can be presented in a mathematical model is optimizing the space usage in a container. Besides the interaction effect between students and teacher, this algorithm also observes the learning process between students in the classroom which does not need any control parameters. Thus, TLBO provides the teachers phase and students phase as its main updating process to find the best solution. More precisely, to validate the algorithm effectiveness, it was implemented in three sample cases. There was small data which had 5 size-types of items with 12 units, medium data which had 10 size-types of items w

Supernova explosions are described as very violent events which transfer a significant amount of energy to interstellar media and are responsible for a large variety of physical processes. This study does not discuss the actual explosion mechanisms but follows the behavior of the dynamical evolution of some selected type I and type II supernova remnant and particularly after a thousand years from their explosion and shows how the density of the medium affects the evolution and the lifetime of each remnant. By studying such behaviors, a simplified model has been proposed here for the velocity and radius of the remnant after thousand years of explosion that depends only on the density of the medium and age of the remnant. It has been found th

4-methylaniline and its Schiff base derivative were intercalated into the Bentonite clay interlayers in a solid state reaction followed by a condensation reaction to produce two organo-clay composites. X-ray diffraction was used to identify the changes in basal spacing of montmorillonite layers which exhibited noticeable alteration before and after the formation of the composites. FT-IR spectra, on the other hand, were utilized for identifying the structural compositions of the prepared materials as well as the formation of the intercalated Schiff base derivative. The surface morphology of the composites was examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM and Atomic Force Microscope AFM, which reflected some differences in the surface of prepa

The bandwidth requirements of telecommunication network users increased rapidly during the last decades. Optical access technologies must provide the bandwidth demand for each user. The passive optical access networks (PONs) support a maximum data rate of 100 Gbps by using the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technique in the optical access network. In this paper, the optical broadband access networks with many techniques from Time Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Networks (TDM PON) to Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Passive Optical Networks (OFDM PON) are presented. The architectures, advantages, disadvantages, and main parameters of these optical access networks are discussed and reported which have many ad

The study aimed to investigate the role of Dectin-1 and Card-9 in pathogenicity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This investigations involved 150 blood samples for IBD patients which divided in to two groups (50 for crohns disease CD (G2) and 50 for ulcerative colitis UC (G3)). All a apparently (male and female) attended to) Al-Kindy hospital) in Baghdad city, department of Gastroenterology. and all of thin were diagnosis by consulters medical staff and pathologists with age range 15-65years average 40 years. in addition to 50 blood samples were collected from apparently healthy individuals as control group (G1). 10 ml were withdrawn from all participants, 5ml for the immunological study which carried by ELISA technique and 5 ml used fo

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The purpose of this research is to demonstrate the impact of deposit insurance to reduce banking risks, as banks in various countries of the world face a variety of risks that led to banking and financial crises that led to the failure and bankruptcy of many of its bank, which led to the banks to find quick and appropriate solutions to get rid of these difficulties These solutions include the use of bank deposit protection system for the many risks and sequences of crises that accompanied the Iraqi banking work of thefts, forgery, embezzlement and changing and unstable circumstances. The importance of studying the subject of research through the theoretical framework of banking risks as well as the framework of consideration In order to

The three parameters distribution called modified weibull distribution (MWD) was introduced first by Sarhan and Zaindin (2009)[1]. In theis paper, we deal with interval estimation to estimate the parameters of modified weibull distribution based on singly type one censored data, using Maximum likelihood method and fisher information to obtain the estimates of the parameters for modified weibull distribution, after that applying this technique to asset of real data which taken for Leukemia disease in the hospital of central child teaching .

Background: Denture fracture is one of the most common problems encountered by the patients and prosthodontists. The objective of present study was to evaluate the transverse strength of nylon denture base resin repaired by using conventional heat polymerized, autopolymerized and visible light cure {VLC} resins, surface treatment that used for repair and adjustment of insufficient nylon denture bases and in case of addition of artificial teeth. As these corrective procedures are common chair side procedures in dental clinic. Materials and methods: One hundred twenty nylon specimens were prepared by using metal patterns with dimension of (65x10x2.5 mm) length, width, and thickness respectively for transverse strength test while for tensile b

The New generation remote sensing satellites that are being designed to image
objects on the Earth’s surface with a resolution of one meter and less. It is believed
that such high resolution satellite imaging systems will lead to a paradigm change in
mapping science, considering the high resolution, wide spectral range, and stereo
mapping capabilities. This will be the first time that users around the world will be
able to use satellite imagery to map products on the plane ground at a sub-meter
level. This paper presents the results of an assessment of the horizontal accuracy of
the new generation of high-resolution satellite imagery WV02 one of the Digital
Globe productions for mapping purposes.