This work examines novel conjugate gradient methods. To address unconstrained optimization problems and optimize the training of neural networks. The methodologies employ advanced derivative-based techniques to enhance optimization outcomes. The novel approach employs any line search to guarantee adequate descent. Moreover, we prove that, given specific assumptions, our proposed method converges universally. Experimental evidence has demonstrated that our proposed approach is superior in terms of efficiency and robustness compared to traditional conjugate gradient approaches for training neural networks and solving unconstrained optimization issues.

This study was conducted in the animal farm of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences/ University of  Baghdad/ Iraq, from 23 march 2014 to 23 may 2014 to investigate the effect of  two levels of roughage to concentrate ratio on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Holstein Friesian veal’s, by studying the traits of three major muscles (longissimus dorsi LD, biceps femoris BF and semimembranosus SM). Two equal groups of Holstein Friesian veal’s  were used. Each group was consilted of five veal’s at eight months old and weighted 228.800 ± 21.221Kg and 227.800 ± 9.167

A field experiment was carried out in summer season 2024  at one field  of the Agricultural Engineering Sciences College, University of Baghdad, in order to study the impact of organic and phosphate fertilization plus foliar application  with the L- glutamic acid, on growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split-plot arrangement and three replicates. The experiment consist three factors, three levels of organic fertilizer (cattle manure) at rates 0, 20, and 40 Mg ha⁻¹; three levels of phosphate fertilizer in the form of diammonium phosphate (DAP, 20% P) at a rate 0, 75 and 150 kg ha⁻¹, and foliar aaplication

The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of local barley (class Ibaa 99), an underutilized plant, as a potential functional ingredient in blood pressure (BP) treatment and health promotion. For this purpose, the ability barley prolamin isolates hydrolysate (BPIH) to inhibit Angiotensin-converting enzyme I (ACE I) was studied. Prolamin was extracted from barley, then digestion by pepsin and the effect of successive purifications using gel filtration sephadex [GF-(G25)] technology on the efficiency of ACE I inhibition capacity was studied. The results showed the efficiency of the pepsin in hydrolyzing barley prolamins, and the percentage of degree hydrolyses (DH %) increased with time. The ACE I inhibition value increased in para

Dust storms are frequent in many arid and semi-arid regions of the world; they are a significant environmental hazard that impacts human health, agriculture, transportation, and ecosystems, and their frequency and intensity are being magnified by climate change and unsustainable land management practices. This study presents testing and validation of a Brightness Temperature Adjusted Dust Index (BADI), designed for enhanced detection and monitoring of dust storms, particularly under cloudy conditions. The proposed BADI integrates brightness temperatures from three Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) thermal infrared bands: band 20 (3.66–3.84 µm), band 31 (10.78–11.28 µm), and band 32 (11.77–12.27 µm). The effic

The study was aimed to identify the reality of vegetable farmers practices to face climate change in Iraq in general and in each field of research. To achieve the objectives, a questionnaire consisting of (75) items distribute  over (3) areas are designed, after completing its design procedures in terms of validity and reliability, it is presented to a stratified random sample of (128) vegetable farmers in the reality of (82) farms from Baghdad province  and (46) farms from Babylon province, the data are collected and then analyze using the social statistical analysis program (SPSS), The research results have show the practices of vegetable farmers to face climate change were of medium importance, as all areas of planting veget

The study aimed to barcode rbcL gene and to use spectral characteristics of leaf chlorophyll for the taxonomy of four species of genus Bougainvillea Comm. ex Juss. cultivated in Northern Iraq. The DNA of all species was extracted and rbcL gene was amplified, sequenced, and homology examined. The spectral characteristics were measured with a UV spectrophotometer at wavelengths between 400-800 nm. The amplification result showed that all species possessed the rbcL gene. The homology of the rbcL gene of sample 01 (OQ851473) at the size of 584 bp with B. spectibilis (100%). Sample 02 (OQ843469) was a new record of B.x buttiana that was recorded for the first time in GenBan

     Feature Selection (FS) is a technique that removes redundant and unnecessary characteristics from the original data to identify the smallest subset of features. Its goal is to make classification algorithms more efficient. Rough set theory (RST) offers a reliable route to feature selection; however, it resorts to comprehensive searches to find all subsets of features and dependence to assess them. However, due to its high cost, the entire search may not be viable for huge data sets. As a result, meta-heuristic algorithms, particularly Nature-Inspired Algorithms, are commonly employed to substitute the RST reduction step. The Hybrid Rough Set based Binary Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (HRBGOA) was proposed as a FS approach f

 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has a role in activating the immune system, including immune cells and interleukins. The current study aimed to estimate the levels of immune factors compared with control.  LPS was extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa by a modified EDTA method. Three concentrations, 625, 1250, and 2500 µg/100gm of weight were prepared. Rats injected with a calculated dose, followed by a booster dose for two weeks. The results showed a significant increase in the number of neutrophils (3.009±0.002, 2.054±0.001, and 2.719±0.010) ×10³ µL, and the number of lymphocytes (5.954 ± 0.003, 4.902 ± 0.02, and 5.423 ± 0.1) ×10³ µL at the concentrations of 625, 1250, and 2500µ g

Electronic characteristics density of state, density of bonds, and the thermodynamic characteristics (Gibbs Energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, and Heat Capacity) of coronene hydrogen bare C₂₄ and reduced coronene oxide C₂₄O₅ were investigated with the variation of temperature between (298 – 398) K. The hybrid functional B3LYP (Becke, 3-parameters, Lee-Yang-Parr) with 6-311G** basis sets was employed in Density Functional Theory (DFT). It was found that the value of the energy gap of coronene hydrogen bare C₂₄ was 3.5 eV, while it decreased for reduced coronene oxide C₂₄O₅ to 1.38 eV due to adding levels inside the energy gap. The theoretical values of bond length were 1.38 Å f

Sequence Covering Arrays (SCAs) are an extension of combinatorial testing configurations designed to catch ordering faults. An SCA guarantees that all ordered t-way interactions exist as subsequences within the configuration. Generating and optimizing SCAs is computationally expensive, which has hindered their use in practice. This work presents a novel acceleration framework tailored for SCA construction routines. The key idea is to apply algorithm restructuring to existing routines to achieve gains without modifying their underlying semantics. The acceleration framework utilizes differential evaluation to prevent redundant global computations, leverages fixed-size tensors to streamline coverage management, and emp

Reinforced concrete (RC) columns are the enablers of modern cities; their numerical modeling requires precise treatment of initial geometric imperfections and confinement effects to represent their structural behavior realistically. This study describes a finite element analysis (FEA) framework developed in Abaqus/CAE to investigate the axial behavior of full-scale short and slender square RC columns with and without interior transverse reinforcement (ties). The models include external confinement with carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) jacketing, and different global and local imperfection cases were considered to assess their effects on strength and ductility. Calibration against code provisions was achieved by c

This research addresses by evaluating the individual and synergistic effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) and silicon dioxide (SiO₂) nanoparticles when incorporated into (10W-30) and (10W-40) commercial oils to upgrade their performance. The nanomaterials were synthesized via the sol–gel technique, yielding high-purity particles (99.9% for ZnO and 98.0% for SiO₂) with well-defined parameters. The diameters and surface areas of ZnO and SiO₂ particles were 55–95 nm and 40–60 nm, 65 m²/g and 160–200 m²/g, respectively. In terms of attempting to reach the best concentration, 1.0 % by weight concentration was used of each nanomaterial (after testing different ratios). A tw

Ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas have grown into fundamental constituents in advanced wireless applications owing to their ability to support significantly wide band frequencies demanded to achieve accelerated communication, radar, sensing, and imaging applications. However, achieving a broad and stable characteristic impedance bandwidth while keeping small-sized, tolerable gain, and stable radiation characteristics persists a considerable design challenge. To handle these challenges, the researcher has been centered on bandwidth enhancement techniques. This review paper presents an extensive survey of bandwidth improvement techniques utilized in UWB antenna designs published between 2018 and 2025. The reviewed techniques a

The Canal lining is usually used to decrease seepage loss and raise water transport efficiency. Traditional unlined irrigation canals often suffer from significant water loss due to leakage and low water levels, negatively impacting hydraulic performance and irrigation efficiency. Despite the widespread use of irrigation canal lining, there have been few studies to evaluate the effect of different lining types in controlling seepage under varying conditions. This paper focuses on assessing the effect of two different types of concrete lining and concrete quilt on improving the hydraulic performance of the Bani Hassan irrigation canal. A one-dimensional steady-state hydraulic model was created using HEC-RAS version 6.6 so

One of the most significant challenges of medical care is the infection of postoperative wounds, and conventional visual examination often fails to detect it early. This research proposes the design of an innovative, passive wireless telemetry system for non-intrusive monitoring of the wound-healing process.  The system integrates a biocompatible resonance circuit (LC) with a high-sensitivity piezoresistive sensor based on MXene (Ti₃C₂T_x). It operates within the standard industrial and medical (ISM) band at 13.56 MHz.The detection mechanism in the system is based on the principle of "impedance modulation" (Impedance Modulation), which arises from changes in the sensor's resistance under

This study presents a systematic review that explores the contribution of green learning, through spatial experience, to the promotion of cultural awareness of architectural heritage. Although green learning is often defined in literature in terms of environmental literacy and ecological performance, this study redefines green learning as a comprehensive educational strategy that incorporates cultural sustainability, place-based learning, and affective learning in the heritage environment. A systematic search of large academic databases (covering the period between 2010 and 2025) was used to select 72 empirical studies, whose data were qualitatively coded using thematic codes in the MAXQDA 24 software. The deductive codi

This study is related to a new geometrical design of automotive leaf springs that involves substituting the common trapezoidal base and circular shape with a circular base plate and parabolic shape. The main aim is to explore how the shape of the base and the profile of curvature affect the performance of the leaf springs, both at rest and in dynamic conditions under realistic loading conditions. There were four geometrical combinations that were experimented with: trapezoidal base with circular curvature, circular base with circular curvature, trapezoidal base with parabolic curvature, and circular base with parabolic curvature. The influence of the leaf number and width distribution on the mechanical performance of eac

Sports infrastructure is a type of infrastructure dedicated to various sports activities and practices. This research defines sports infrastructure as the essential physical and organizational structure required to facilitate sports activities. It is a crucial requirement in residential neighborhoods and a complementary element to the overall infrastructure. Its importance stems from its role in complementing neighborhood centers and its contribution to the social, economic, and cultural aspects of residential areas. Many residential neighborhoods suffer from weak and inefficient sports infrastructure. Despite its apparent presence, it fails to achieve its intended goals, whether in encouraging physical activity, promoti

This study aims to present a practical application for improving sound quality in wireless acoustic sensor networks (WASNs) deployed in the often noisy Iraqi environment, using distributed signal processing techniques. Through an analytical and descriptive methodology, the proposed system is based on a hierarchical WASN architecture consisting of 20 wireless microphone nodes organized in a cluster structure. Each node optimizes the local signal using Distributed Adaptive Signal Estimation (DANSE) technology, while the cluster heads use Linear Minimum Mean Square Error (LMMSE) beamforming to combine signals within the network. The results show that the average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) increased by up to 6.3 dB between

Gelatin is a valuable substance that is known to have a complex 3D structure, but it has limited adsorption efficiency, which limit its application at physiological temperature. In this paper, gelatin was improved by the addition of glutaraldehyde (GTA) to enhance its ability to adsorb dye in aqueous solution. The adsorption experiments were conducted under different conditions, such as the amount of adsorbent, the concentration of the dye, and the temperature. The study found that the q_e by GTA-GE (4.978 to 23.056 mg/g) and GE (4.8 to 21.333 mg/g) increased with the increase of initial dye concentrations but decreased with the amount of adsorbent. The parameters at equilibrium were at a pH of 4 and a dose of

Slurry-infiltrated fiber concrete (SIFCON) is a special type of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) characterized by its relatively high fiber content; therefore, it requires a special fabrication method to ensure homogeneity between the fibers and the matrix. In this study, five mixing techniques were used to produce SIFCON (sustainable slurry with micro steel fibers) to highlight the effect of the fabrication method on its mechanical properties. The fibers were placed in one layer, two layers, and three equal layers, while two other techniques involved mixing all or part of the fiber content with the slurry. These latter two techniques recorded the best performance at 28 days, with improvements of 20.8% and 22.3% in dry de

    جاء البحث متكوناً من أربعة فصول مع قائمة بالمصادر كالآتي :         حيث يتناول الفصل الأول الإطار المنهجي للبحث ، إذ يبدأ بعرض مشكلة البحث التي تلقي الضوء على آلة العود التي يرجع تاريخ ضهورها في الحياة الموسيقية إلى العصر الأكدي ، في العراق القديم ، ثم أنتقلت لاحقاً إلى الأقطار المجاورة والقريبة في عصور ما قبل الإسلام .         وفي العصور الإسلامية المتتالية أزدهر الفن الموسيقي ، وبخاصة في العصر العبا

The currency in circulation is a key element of the monetary supply system of the Iraqi economy because itreflects the level of economic activity and the liquidity level in the market. It can be expressed as an important tool when formulating monetary policy. This research aims to analyze and forecast the behavior of the currency in circulation in Iraq using the ARMA-GARCH model for monthly data from 2004 to 2025 to understand the dynamics of monetary liquidity, The sample was divided into two parts: approximately 80% for the training set (2004-2021), and approximately 20% for the testing set (2022-2025). Data were analyzed in Python using many packages. The results showed that the time series was initially non-stationary but became

מחקר זה בוחן את התפתחות הדימוי של ערבים בספרות הישראלית דרך עבודותיהם של אלי עמיר ודורית רביניאן שני סופרים חשובים שסיפוריהם מאתגרים סטריאוטיפים שוררים ומרחיבים את ההבנה התרבותית הניתוח הממוקם במסגרת הספרות המזרחית עוקב אחר האופן שבו דמויות ערביות עוברות מדמויות שוליים לאנשים מורכבים ומעודנים המשקפים שינויים סוציו פוליטיים רחבים יותר על ידי השוואת חקר הזהות והעקירה של עמיר בסביבה היהודית בבגדד לבין