إن البيئة بجوانبها المتعددة مركز الاهتمام الدولي ذلك كونها تشكل تراثاً مشتركاً للإنسانية جمعاء، كما أصبحت تمثل القاسم المشترك بالنسبة لمختلف القضايا والمشاكل ذات الطابع الاقتصادي والاجتماعية والثقافية، ونظراً لتطور القانون الدولي العام، فقد ظهرت مفاهيم جديدة لم تكن ملحوظة من قبل كمفهوم حقوق الأجيال القادمة، إذ يرتبط هذا المفهوم، ارتباطاً وثيقاً بحماية البيئة، والواقع في مجال القانون البيئي، فإن فكرة ح

This research is focusing on finding more effective polymers that leads to enhance the rheological properties of Water Base Muds. The experiments are done for different types of mud for all substances which are Polyacrylamide, Xanthan gum, CMC (Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose). This study shows the effect of add polymer to red bentonite mud, effect of add polymer to Iraqi bentonite mud, the effect of add bentonite to polymer mud. The mud properties of Iraqi bentonite blank are enhanced after adding the polymers to the blank mix, CMC gives the highest value of plastic viscosity and Gel strength than others; X-anthan gives the highest value of yield point and gel strength than others. For the red bentonite mud, Polyacrylamide ha

The radial mapping version of the bounding surface plasticity model is implemented in a computer program to predict the response of cohesive soils. The eight-noded isoparametric element and Biot’s theory are used in this study for analyzing soil consolidation problems. The model has been used in the analysis for two classes of problems. The first involves the comparison of model predictions with the results of laboratory tests in compression and extension for normally and overconsolidated clays. The second class involves using the model to predict the results of one- and two-dimensional finite element problems of soil consolidation. The comparisons with experiments demonstrate that the model, through its simplicity, can describe realis

In this study, two types of mixes were adopted by using two grading of coarse aggregate. The practical side of this study was to produce no-fine aggregate concrete by using crushed clay brick aggregates. The durability of the produced concrete and internal sulfate attack was studied.      For durability assessment, it is found that the no-fine concrete made with crushed brick aggregate lost about (15-25) % of its compressive strength after being subjected to 60 cycles of wetting and drying with age 120 days. The curing condition showed that the water curing improved the compressive strength with a rate higher than that when sealed or air dry curing were used. The crushed brick no-fine concrete de

This research presents a numerical study to simulate the heat transfer by forced convection as a result of fluid flow inside channel’s with one-sided semicircular sections and fully filled with porous media. The study assumes that the fluid were Laminar , Steady , Incompressible and inlet Temperature was less than Isotherm temperature of a Semicircular sections .Finite difference techniques were used to present the governing equations (Momentum, Energy and Continuity). Elliptical Grid is Generated using Poisson’s equations . The Algebraic equations were solved numerically by using (LSOR (.This research studied the effect of changing the channel shapes on fluid flow and heat transfer  in two cases ,the first: cha

The thermal performance of three solar collectors with 3, 6 mm and without perforation absorber plate was assessed experimentally. The experimental tests were implemented in Baghdad during the January and February 2017. Five values of airflow rates range between 0.01 – 0.1 m³/s were used through the test with a constant airflow rate during the test day. The variation of the following parameters air temperature difference, useful energy, absorber plate temperature, and collector efficiency was recorded every 15 minutes. The experimental data reports that the increases  the number of absorber plate perforations with a small diameter is more efficient rather than increasing the hole diameter of the absorber plate with decr

        This paper concerns with openness concept in contemporary learning environment, which ranges from physical characters to its relation with learning efficiency and its output. Previous literatures differ to clear the effect of openness on the engagement between learner within themselves, and with this kind of spaces. Engagement means: active participation, the ability of making dialogue, self-reflection and the ability to explore and communicate with them and
within learning space. Research roblem was: The lack of knowledge about the effect of Openness on learner engagement with learning spaces. The two concepts were applied on three types of learning spaces in the Department of the Architectu

This study investigates the influence of asymmetric involute teeth profiles for helical gears on the bending stress. Theoretically, bending stress has been estimated in spur involute gears which have symmetric teeth profile by based on the Lewis, 1892 equation. Later, this equation is developed by, Abdullah, 2012. to determine the effect of an asymmetric tooth profile for the spur gear on the bending stress. And then these equations are applied with stress concentration factor once for symmetric and once other for asymmetric teeth profile. In this paper, the bending stresses for various types of helical gear with various types of asymmetric teeth profile are calculated numerically for defined the stress concentration fac

The current research deals with practical studies that explain to the Iraqi consumer multiple instances about the phenomenon of water hammer which occur in the water pipeline operating with pressure. It concern a practical study of the characteristics of this phenomenon and economically harmful to the consumer the same time. Multiple pipe fittings are used aimed to reduce this phenomenon and its work as alternatives to the manufactured arresters that used to avoid water hammer in the sanitary installations, while the consumer did not have any knowledge as to the non-traded for many reasons, including the water pressure decreases in the networks and the use of consumer pumps to draw water directly from the network. Study found a number of

In this paper, an adaptive integral Sliding Mode Control (SMC) is employed to control the speed of Three-Phase Induction Motor. The strategy used is the field oriented control as ac drive system. The SMC is used to estimate the frequency that required to generates three phase voltage of Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) invertor . When the SMC is used with current controller, the quadratic component of stator current is estimated by the controller. Instead of using current controller, this paper proposed estimating the frequency of stator voltage since that the slip speed is function of the quadratic current . The simulation results of using the SMC showed that a good dynamic response can be obtained under load

Partial shading is one of the problems that affects the power production and the efficiency of photovoltaic module. A series of experimental work have been done of partial shading of   monocrystalline PV module; 50W, I_sc: 3.1A, V_oc: 22V with 36 cells in series is achieved. Non-linear power output responses of the module are observed by applying various cases of partial shading (vertical and horizontal shading of solar cells in the module). Shading a single cell (corner cell) has the greatest impact on output energy. Horizontal shading or vertical shading reduced the power from 41W to 18W at constant solar radiation 1000W/m² and steady state condition. Vertical blocking a column

In this paper, numerical and experimental studies on the elastic behavior of glass fiber reinforced ‎polymer (GFRP) with stiffeners in the GFRP section's web (to prevent local buckling) are presented. ‎The GFRP profiles‎ were connected to the concrete deck slab by shear connectors. Two full-scale simply supported ‎composite beams (with and without stiffeners) were tested under impact load (three-point load) to ‎assess its structural response. The results ‎proved that the maximum impact force, maximum ‎deflection, damping time, and ‎damping ratio of the composite beam were affected by the GFRP ‎stiffeners‎. The experimental results indicated that the damping ratio and deflection were diminished compare

This research is concerned to investigate the behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) deep beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips. The experimental part of this research is carried out by testing seven RC deep beams having the same dimensions and steel reinforcement which have been divided into two groups according to the strengthening schemes. Group one was consisted of three deep beams strengthened with vertical U-wrapped CFRP strips. While, Group two was consisted of three deep beams strengthened with inclined CFRP strips oriented by 45^o with the longitudinal axis of the beam. The remaining beam is kept unstrengthening as a reference beam. For each group, the variable considered

لم تعد الخبرة الوسيلة الوحيدة المستخدمة في الإجراءات القضائية. فهناك الكثير من ادلة الاثبات التي يستعين بها القاضي الاداري مثل المعاينة والشهادة ، غير أن الواقع العملي يبين أن القاضي لا يلجأ إليهما إلا نادراً على الرغم من سرعتهما ومن كلفتهما البسيطة. وللبحث في موضوع الخبرة أهمية كبيرة من الناحية القانونية وذلك لأن لها دور هام في الإثبات لا يقل أهمية عن دورها في مد العون والمساعدة للقاضي، وحيث إن لها دور مهم

يعد شبه العقد أحد النظم القانونية الراسخة في قانون الأحكام العام الإنكليزي ذو الأصل العرفي غير المكتوب، والمبني على السوابق القضائية للمحاكم الإنكليزية. وجدير بالذكر فقد وقد مر تأصيل الأساس القانوني لشبه العقد في القانون الانكليزي بمرحلتين مختلفتين، فقد إتجه القضاء الانكليزي، تؤيده بعض الآراء الفقهية، في المرحلة الأولى إلى عد شبه العقد كعقد ضمني من صنع القضاء، لتلافي غياب الإتفاق الصريح بين الطرفين، ولم

ان الامن القانوني أصبح مبدأ و ضرورة في دولة القانون ، وذلك استنادا الى ان القاعدة القانونية يجب أن تقوم على الامن القانوني , من حيث انه بات يشكل العمود الفقري للقاعدة القانونية مادام اننا لا يمكننا الكلام عن قيمة القاعدة القانونية إلا بالنظر الى درجة استقرارها ومدى تحقيقها للحقوق والأوضاع القانونية وما يستتبع ذلك من تحقق ثقة الافراد في النظام القانوني ككل.

      يعني استقرار وثبات القواعد ال

An experimental and theoretical works were carried out to model the wire condenser in the domestic refrigerator by calculating the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop and finding the optimum performance. The two methods were used for calculation, zone method, and an integral method. The work was conducted by using two wire condensers with equal length but different in tube diameters, two refrigerants, R-134a and R-600a, and two different compressors matching the refrigerant type. In the experimental work, the optimum charge was found for the refrigerator according to ASHRAE recommendation. Then, the tests were done at 32˚C ambient temperature in a closed room with dimension (2m*2m*3m). The results showed that th

Reducing global warming potential (GWP) of refrigerants is needed to the decrease of ozone-depleting of refrigeration systems leakages. Refrigerant R1234yf is now used to substitute R134a inside mobile air conditioning systems. Thermodynamic properties of R1234yf are similar to R134a. Also, it has a very low GWP of 4, compared to 1430 for R134a, making it a proper choice for future automobile refrigerants. The purpose of this research is to represent the main operating and performance differences between R1234yf and R134a. Experimental analysis was carried out on the automotive air conditioning system (AACS) with 3 kW nominal capacity, to test and compare the performance of R134a with R1234yf. Experiments were accomplish

ان التاريخ الاسلامي يستحق الدراسة والبحث ولاسيما تاريخ المغرب الاسلامي بشكل عام وتاريخ المغرب الادنى الاسلامي بشكل خاص لاسيما انه قد تم فتحها على يد عدد من الصحابة والتابعين (رضي الله عنهم). ودخول أعداد كبيرة من البربر في الاسلام واعتناق الدين الاسلامي الحنيف وأدى ذلك الى التفقه في امور الدين الاسلامي لاسيما بعد ان دخل عدد من المحدثين والفقهاء ايضاً الى المغرب الاسلامي وانعكس ذلك بجوانب ايجابية قيمة ادت ال

تفطن المستشرقون عند احتكاكهم بالعرب المسلمين في أثناء الفتوحات الاسلامية والحروب الصليبية، إلى أهمية التراث العربي والاسلامي، الذي كان وما يزال يمثل كنزا ثمينا ومعينا لا ينضب، وعملا حضاريا لا يفنى نظرا لما يحتويه من مجموعة متكاملة من المعارف في المجالات شتى الدينية والأدبية والإنسانية والعلمية، فوجهوا عنايتهم لدراسته وتحقيقه، وصيانته، لأنه يمثل في نظرهم المحور الرئيس للانطلاق نحو تحقيق التقدم الحضاري

Numerical models are used to solve the two-dimensional transient natural convection heat transfer problem in an inclined shallow porous cavity. A constant heat flux is applied for heating and cooling all opposing walls. Solutions for laminar case are obtained within Rayleigh number varied from 20 to 500 and aspect ratio for porous cavity varied from 2 to 4. A finite difference method is used to obtain numerical solutions of full governing equations. Both vorticity and energy equation are solved using alternating direct implicit (ADI) method and stream function equation by successive over relaxation (SOR) method. The results are presented for the flow filed, temperature distributions, and average Nusselt number in terms of the Rayleigh nu

تُكمن أهمية البحث بالنسبة للباحثين والمهتمين بدراسة تاريخ المغرب الاسلامي بشكل عام وتاريخ المغرب الاوسط والاقصى الاسلامي بشكل خاص لتسليط الضوء التاريخي حول اثر مدرسة اهل الحديث في مساجد المغرب الاوسط والاقصى الاسلامي خلال تلك الفترة لاسيما ان بلاد المغرب الاوسط والاقصى الاسلامي قد تعاقب على حكمها عدة دويلات سياسية أهتمت ببناء المساجد وزخرفتها المعمارية ,وفي السياق نفسه تبلور هدف البحث التاريخي في الوقو

حدثت معركة كاظمة -ذات السلاسل-عام (١٢هـ/٦٣٣ م)، بين جيش المسلمين بقيادة خالد بن الوليد وجيش الفرس بقيادة هرمز ، في منطقة كاظمة الواقعه بين البصرة والبحرين ،تحديداً في الكويت محافظة الجهراء.

   جاءت المعركة ضمن خطة المسلمين لتوسيع حدود الدولة الإسلامية ، ونشر الدعوة في المناطق التابعة للامبراطورية الساسانية .

   كان جيش المسلمين صغيراً مقارنة بجيش الفرس ولكنه كان منظماً ومتحفزاً ايمانياً،بي

In this paper an atmometer apparatus were used in the greenhouses for estimating reference evapotranspiration values. Experimental work was conducted in the agriculture research center in the College of Agriculture-University of Baghdad west of the city of Baghdad. One atmometer was used in eggplant greenhouse and in cucumber greenhouse through the winter growing season 2013-2014. FAO Penman-Monteith equation was applied outside the greenhouse and used only 65% from the value of ET_o in the greenhouses for estimating the reference evapotranspiration in the greenhouse. Moreover, Penman-Monteith equation was applied in greenhouses for the evaluating the performance of the atmometer. The results show that the erro

The current research dealt with a comparative taxonomic study of the two types Chenopodium album L. and Chenopodiastrum murale L. at Baghdad , This research was included a cytological study by calculating the chromosome number by sequence n=27,9. and studying the micro-morphological characteristics of the seeds and fruits of the two types, in addition to the surface covering in the leaf part. All phenotypic characteristics of the seeds were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Light microscope (LM) in terms of shape, colour, dimensions Seed size were measured by the program digmizer , as well as the configuration  of the seeds surface , The seeds of Ch.albu

A field experiment was carried out within the Shanafiyah - Nasiriyah project / Iraq during the autumn season 2022-2023 to evaluate the performance of the different tillage systems in some soil physical and hydraulic properties when irrigated with salt water and 25% Leaching factor throughout the growing season. In addition to evaluating its performance in mechanical technical properties before sowing. The experiment included three systems: A. minimum tillage with a disc harrow b. Tillage with Chisel Plow and Spring Tooth Harrows c. Tillage with Mold Plow and Spring Tooth Harrows. The study results showed that the

An experimental study was performed to estimate the forced convection heat transfer performance and the pressure drop of a single layer graphene (GNPs) based DI-water nanofluid in a circular tube under a laminar flow and a uniform heat flux boundary conditions. The viscosity and thermal conductivity of nanofluid at weight concentrations of (0.1 to 1 wt%) were measured. The effects of the velocity of flow, heat flux and nanoparticle weight concentrations on the  enhancement of the heat transfer are examined. The Nusselt number of the GNPs nanofluid was enhanced as the heat flux and the velocity of flow rate  increased, and the maximum Nusselt number  ratio (Nu nanofluid/ Nu base fluid)   and thermal performance factor

"تهدف الدراسة الى ابراز حكم حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي في العراق والتصفيات السياسية القاسية بحق الكرد الفيلية، حيث تعرضت هذه الأقلية لاضطهاد منهجي بسبب انتمائها العرقي والمذهبي. بدأت حملة التصفيات في سبعينيات القرن الماضي، حيث اتهم النظام الكرد الفيلية بالتجسس لصالح إيران خلال فترة التوترات العراقية الإيرانية. تم تهجير آلاف العائلات الكردية الفيلية قسراً من بيوتهم، وتمت مصادرة ممتلكاتهم، وتجريدهم من ال

Electrocardiogram (ECG) is an important physiological signal for cardiac disease diagnosis. With the increasing use of modern electrocardiogram monitoring devices that generate vast amount of data requiring huge storage capacity. In order to decrease storage costs or make ECG signals suitable and ready for transmission through common communication channels, the ECG data
volume must be reduced. So an effective data compression method is required. This paper presents an efficient technique for the compression of ECG signals. In this technique, different transforms have been used to compress the ECG signals. At first, a 1-D ECG data was segmented and aligned to a 2-D data array, then 2-D mixed transform was implemented to compress the

This study was aimed to find out the effect of different soil components of some Iraqi soils under different climatic conditions and different parent materials on the adsorption of lead and cadmium. Soil samples were collected from four governorates (Dohuk, Wasit, Salah al-Din, and Basra), with three sites in each governorate, and two depths (0-30 and 31-60) cm. A chemical analysis of the soil were carried out to determine the amount of organic matter, carbonate minerals, total and crystallized free iron oxides. Results showed that the values ​​of and soluble and exchangeable lead binded with carbonate minerals, organic matter, oxides, and clay fraction in rates ranging betwe