The present work focuses on the experimental implementation of one of the fiber optical sensors, the optical glass fiber built on surface Plasmon resonance. A type of optical glass fiber was used in this work, single-mode no-core fiber with pre-tapering diameter: (125.1 μm) and (125.3 μm), respectively. The taper method can be tested by measuring the output power of the optical fiber before and after chemical etching to show the difference in cladding diameter due to the effect of hydrofluoric acid with increasing time for the taper process. The optical glass fiber sensor can be fabricated using the taper method to reduce the cladding diameter of the fibers to (83.12 µm, 64.37 µm, and 52.45 µm) for single-mode fibers using Hydrofluoric

     This paper investigates the simultaneous recovery for two time-dependent coefficients for heat equation under Neumann boundary condition. This problem is considered under extra conditions of nonlocal type. The main issue with this problem is the solution unstable to small contamination of noise in the input data. The Crank-Nicolson finite difference method is utilized to solve the direct problem whilst the inverse problem is viewed as nonlinear optimization problem. The later problem is solved numerically using optimization toolbox from MATLAB. We found that the numerical results are accurate and stable.

Iraq is considered one of the countries most susceptible to the negative impacts of climate change. According to international reports, it is classified as among the top five most affected by climate change in the world, leading to economic resource shortages and an increase in water scarcity, which exposes societal stability in Iraq to a threat.  This may result in social disintegration and civil conflicts, so climate changes are considered one of the most dangerous crises affecting societal stability in Iraq during this stage.  In this context, the research attempts to trace the causes of climate change and their effects on societal stability in Iraq and suggest some necessary measures to confront them in the future.  The resea

The crude aqueous extract of menthespicata , the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of this extraction , on the histological changes of the ovares and levels of sex hormone , ( FSH , LH , Estradiol ) in albino female mice . the extract was given orally for( 45 ) days . fourty mature female mice were used in this study , the animals divided into four major groups . each group was include ten mice . the first three groups was given different concentration )) (21 , 14 , 7 %) . While the fourth group considered as control group which had been administrated tab water . For ( 45 ) days each group had been killed for hormonal assay in blood

ABSTRACT:In this paper, Cd10–xZnxS (x = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5) films were deposited by using chemical spray pyrolysis technique, the molar concentration precursor solution was 0.15 M/L. Depositions were done at 350°C on cleaned glass substrates. X-ray dif- fraction technique (XRD) studies for all the prepared film; all the films are crystalline with hexagonal structure .The optical properties of the prepared films were studied using measurements from VIS-UV-IR spectrophotometer at wave- length with the range 300 - 900 nm; the average transmission of the minimum doping ratio (Zn at 0.1%) was about 55% in the VIS region, it was decrease at the increasing of Zn concentration in the CdS films, The band gap of the doped CdS films was varied as 3.7, 3

Amplitude variation with offset (AVO) analysis is an 1 efficient tool for hydrocarbon detection and identification of elastic rock properties and fluid types. It has been applied in the present study using reprocessed pre-stack 2D seismic data (1992, Caulerpa) from north-west of the Bonaparte Basin, Australia. The AVO response along the 2D pre-stack seismic data in the Laminaria High NW shelf of Australia was also investigated. Three hypotheses were suggested to investigate the AVO behaviour of the amplitude anomalies in which three different factors; fluid substitution, porosity and thickness (Wedge model) were tested. The AVO models with the synthetic gathers were analysed using log information to find which of these is the

Modern statistical techniques offer a range of methodologies for modelling time series data, with conditional and unconditional approaches providing complementary insights that enhance overall model accuracy. This article introduced a modified ARIMA model employing conditional and unconditional parameter estimates. The methodology for the new model based on novel methods is provided. The prediction process, one and two steps ahead, is covered in detail, and a novel algorithm is presented. The best model is picked based on various measurement criteria, such as coefficient of determination (R²), root mean squared error (RMSE), and mean absolute scaled error (MASE). The suggested model is applied to a monthly petrol sales dataset

The use of bioplastics can be a promising option to achieve environmental sustainability and reduce environmental pollution, as it has a positive impact on reducing climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional plastics made from petrochemicals, which cause environmental pollution due to increased carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere as a result of burning and destruction of conventional plastics, which causes in major climate change due to rising temperatures and the occurrence of the global warming phenomenon. The high cellulose contents in Amber Rice Husk (ARH) support use as raw material for bioplastic synthesis and include the following components, cellulose 36.48%, hemicellulose 39.5%, lignin

Mount Bur Ni Telong of Aceh, Indonesia, is a part of the Bukit Barisan volcanic arc region. It is located south of the young parasitic cone, Mount Bur Ni Geureudong. The Mount Bur Ni Telong area contains potential geothermal energy sources, as hot springs and fumaroles indicate. However, the information on Bur Ni Telong’s geothermal prospect is still limited. Therefore, this study aims to develop a subsurface structural model of the geothermal system using gravity data. The subsurface geological structure was determined using density calculations based on residual gravity anomalies, calculated using the moving average method. The 2D modelling results showed that the system is controlled by normal faults associated with hot spring activ

This work aims to study the outer Pseudo-ring galaxy IC 2473 by analyzing its spectroscopic and photometric data using griz filters from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The ellipse task from the STSDAS library was applied within the IRAF environment to analyze the isophotes and extract the galaxy's structural and optical properties using surface photometric techniques. This analysis helped determine important parameters such as ellipticity, surface brightness, and position angle, enabling a precise characterization of the galaxy's structure.

A least-square fitting method was used to effectively study the morphological features. Spectroscopically, the emission line flux [OII] was analyzed to estimate the star formation rate (S

Since the first report of SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China, the virus has undergone multiple mutations leading to the emergence of variants of concern. While mutations in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike gene have been extensively studied, mutations and indels in the N-terminal domain (NTD) have received less attention. In this study, we use a simple and cost-effective Sanger sequencing approach by targeting a 757bp region in the NTD of the spike gene. Analysis results showed the dominancy of G142D mutation resulted from single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Furthermore, our results showed the prevalence of two distinctive mutational clusters, the first pattern includes the 69H/70V, 143V, 144Y, L212I, and 211N deletions, insertio

Ransomware is a serious threat while using the computer; it may cause the user's data to be encrypted or not allow them to access computers and require users to pay a ransom to open files. However, scientific work in this area has not been fully addressed, and many challenges are mentioned in previous studies. This approach employs a dedicated pipeline for feature engineering and a collection of machine-learning models for binary classification. The primary innovation in dynamic analysis is using API call functionalities to extract engineered features, which capture distinct behavioral characteristics associated with various ransomware families. This method allows the model to differentiate between benign and malicious o

A new azo dye was synthesized by coupling the diazonium salt derived from 3-aminophenol with 8-hydroxyquinoline.This dye served as a precursor for synthesizing coordination complexes with manganese, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium. The ligand was characterized using¹H and ¹³C NMRspectroscopy, whilethe synthesized materials were characterized by MS, IR and UV-Vis spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis,and elemental analysis. For the metal complexes, additional measurements such asconductivity, magnetic susceptibility, metal content and chlorine of the complexes were also measured. The results showed that the ligand behaves as trigonal behavior, and that the complexes adopt an octahedral geometry, except for thevanadium square pyram

Desert truffles are edible fungi that grow wild in various areas worldwide and are seasonal. The objective of the research is to illustrate the efficacy of the alcoholic extract of Terfezia claveryi as an antioxidant after diagnosing  truffle species by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), antioxidant activities were determined by (DPPH) 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and (FRAP) ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power, then compared with positive controls. The antioxidant activity of ethanol extract was evaluated  using T. claveryi ascocarps which were harvested from Anbar desert, Iraq. The ethanol extract exhibited the highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity compared to ascorbic acid, with IC50 values of 6 µg/ml and 1 µg

The development of trust between vehicles in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) serves as a fundamental requirement to guarantee application integrity while maintaining dependability. Reliability and trust allows vehicles to retrieve precise and dependable data from adjacent vehicles to perform the necessary decisions. Security remains difficult in VANET because it lacks central control and is characterized by dynamic operation methods. The main objective centers on developing more effective message verification systems. Since trust exists as a fuzzy concept, we implemented fuzzy logic to obtain trust values. The proposed system divides its functionality into two components which include a controller check stage built with four factors.

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are a novel deep learning model that excels at solving both inverse and forward non-linear partial differential equation (PDE) problems. This paper presents a new algorithm implemented using Python and the IDRLnet library. The new algorithm of the open-source deep learning package is designed to solve PDEs using PINNs and is mainly used for physics-informed deep learning. This paper uses PINN to solve the 2nd-order Volterra integro-differential equations (VIDE) for the first time, in which a series of iterative solutions are established based on the Gauss-Legendre quadratic method after converting the 2nd-order VIDE into a PDE. In addition, three different examples are presented and solved using t

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystemic autoimmune illness distinguished by biological and clinical variability. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a cytokine linked to some immunological responses, and elevated amounts of IL-18 have been found in autoimmune animal models and the biological fluids and organs of people with various autoimmune diseases, previous studies have indicated the importance of IL-22 (another interleukin) in the development and pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, including SLE. This study investigates the molecular correlation between gene expression of both IL-18 and IL-22 and different genotypes of rs360719 and rs1012356 SNPs, exploring their roles in the pathogenesis of SLE in a sample of Iraqi pat

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacterium and a member of the Enterobacteriaceae that can cause many infections. This research aimed to examine the effect of the presence of the K1 and K2 capsule serotypes on biofilm formation and its relation with resistance to antibiotics. In this study, 130 clinical specimens were collected from different clinical sources from patients in hospitals, and only 61 isolates were identified as K. pneumoniae by selective media, biochemical test, and Vitek II. Disc diffusion technique was used to assess the resistance of 61 isolates to ten distinct antibiotics. The greatest resistance was observed against Amoxicillin-clavulanate (98.36%), while the least

A new azo-acetophenon ethylene-diamine ligands were synthesized through a multi-step procedure. The process initiated with the formation of an ACEN imine via that produced from the condensation of ethylene diamine and 4-aminoacetophenone, followed by diazotation of the ACEN amine group and subsequent coupling with components to form these two new ligands:- (1E,1'E)-N,N'-(ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(1-(4-((E)-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)diazenyl)phenyl)ethan-1-imine) L₁ and3,3'-((1E,1'E)-(((1E,1'E)-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(azanylylidene))bis(ethan-1-yl-1-ylidene)) bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(diazene-2,1-diyl))bis(naphthalen-2-ol) H₂L₂. Comprehensive characterization of these ligands was conducted using FTIR, NMR, UV-visi

The problem of interruption of communication between the spacecraft and the ground station due to the plasma formed around the spacecraft is one of the important and dangerous problems facing spacecraft during their return to the Earth’s atmosphere. The present work focused on diagnosing the plasma parameters generated around a spacecraft model in a laboratory. A vacuum system was used to produce plasma under a working pressure of 0.1 mbar. The spacecraft model was placed inside this plasma between the cathode and the anode, and a strong magnetic field was used to confine the plasma around this model. A single Langmuir probe was used to calculate the electron temperature, electron density, Debye radius, and plasma frequency. Plasma fre

Copper Indium Sulfur-Selenide (CISSe)-based solar cell is examined by optimization several aspects including absorber layer thickness, buffer layer thickness, window layer thickness, working temperatures and energy band gap values. The optimization of these factors has resulted in optimum absorber layer thickness of 3000 nm, optimum CdS thickness of 10 nm, optimum ZnO thickness of 10 nm, optimum working temperature of 300 K and optimum energy band gap of 1.5 eV. The best device performance consisting of these optimum values results in a PCE of 30.51% correlated to FF of 83.7%, JSC of 47.188 mA.cm-2 and VOC of 0.773 Volt. The results are promising and pave the way towards high PCE of CISSe-based solar. However, there might be a difference

In this study, a one-pot synthesis method was utilized to prepare a series of novel progesterone derivatives featuring 1,2,3-triazole rings. The condensation of progesterone with ten different aromatic aldehydes through a Claisen-Schmidt reaction gave the desired α,β-unsaturated carbonyl derivatives as intermediates, which were treated directly with benzyl azide via a metal-free [3+2] cycloaddition reaction to furnish the target derivatives 1-10 in 58-81% yields. The structure of the synthesized compounds (1-10) was characterized using FT-IR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The significant point of this work is combining two important m

This study aims to determine the levels of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) in the urine of renal stone patients and a healthy control group in the Najaf Governorate of Iraq using Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The study included 20 renal stone patients and 20 healthy individuals as a control group. Both groups consisted of 10 women and 10 men. The results demonstrated that there was a significant difference (p <0.001) in the levels of (Cd, Pb, and Hg) in the urine of renal stone patients compared with the control group. Also, there was a statistically significant difference in Pb and Hg levels in the urine of females, which were seen to be more than that of males (p < 0.005). The difference was statistically signif

Remote sensing images are key tools in environmental and urban studies, where precise natural resource monitoring is becoming increasingly important. However, using medium-resolution images, such as Landsat 9, frequently presents difficulties in delivering correct spatial data, such as the distribution of vegetation and other land coverings, due to the pressing need for improving remote sensing techniques to satisfy the needs and assess environmental changes in increasingly metropolitan regions. In this study, spectral and spatial information (vegetation indices and modified water index) driven from Landsat 9 images were compared to spectral information from high-resolution Pleiades images, which was evaluated using linear regression bet

Natural settings make it challenging to identify facial expressions since head position, illumination level, and ‎‎occlusion vary. Thus, developing a more generic model without front-facing images alone is quite crucial. This ‎research proposes a facial expression ‎recognition model based on pre-trained deep convolutional neural networks ‎with transfer learning. The model was trained ‎on several cases to classify face expressions into seven ‎classifications efficiently. The proposed system used the EfficientNetB0 model ‎that has one dense dropout layer. The model first rescales and norms the input dataset in the input ‎layer that takes images of a larger resolution to get better results. After entering 7 blocks sequenti

The medicinal potential of an orchid Coelogyne suaveolens, subjecting the ethyl acetate fraction of the acetonic extract from its root and bulb to various in-vitro, in-vivo and in-silico bioactivity tests.  The micro and macro-nutrients content of ethyl acetate fraction of acetonic extract of C. suaveolens bulb and root were assessed by atomic absorption spectroscopic method. The in-vitro antioxidant property of the extract was assessed by following the ABTS, DPPH, and H₂O₂ radical scavenging assays. The antidiabetic property of the extract was evaluated using the Alpha-Amylase Inhibitory Assay by DNSA and SI method, while the cytotoxic property was assessed usi

Food production is vital to global food security, entailing significant social, economic, and environmental implications. The Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) possesses abundant natural and human resources essential for agriculture, including extensive agricultural land, water resources, and a favorable climate. However, challenges such as population growth, displacement of large numbers of residents from other provinces to the Kurdistan Region, unplanned urban expansion encroaching on agricultural areas, useless land accumulation, and agricultural land degradation pose substantial threats to sustainable food production (SFP). The study's primary objective is to assess and map the potential for SFP in the region, enabling stakeholders to f

The biosynthesis of nanoparticle is suggested as an eco-friendly and economical alternative to both physical and chemical approaches. This study sought to assess the antibacterial with cytotoxic effects of Cinnamomum cassia L. oil extract (COE) and cinnamon oil extract/chitosan nanoparticles (COE/ChNPs) against MDR Klebsiella Pneumoniae and Mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line. Cinnamon active components such as alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, steroids, terpenes, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids were detected in hexane extract. Green synthesis of COE/ChNPs was achieved using the sol-gel technique, resulting in uniform, spherical, crystalline nanoparticles ranging from 40 to 96 nm. COE/ChNPs were characterized using UV-

Beta thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder that affects around 1.5% of the world's population. Beta globin, an essential component of hemoglobin, is involved in the development of this disease. The HBB gene, also known as the hemoglobin subunit beta gene, has been the focus of extensive studies, considering its crucial role in the production of hemoglobin. The associations between the HBB gene and various miRNA (miRNA) that serve as essential regulators of gene expression have been the subject of many investigations. In the current investigation, many blood indicators of thalassemia were assessed, RNA was extracted, cDNA was created, and quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the expression of the HBB