This study aimed to identify the reality of the organizational crises experienced by the Iraqi Football Association during the Iraqi Stars League. This was achieved by developing and applying a scale to measure the reality of these organizational crises from the perspective of the Iraqi Stars League coaches. The research population consisted of 76 coaches and assistant coaches from the Iraqi Stars League clubs, and the research sample was the same size. The researchers developed a questionnaire based on the organizational crisis scale and administered it to the research sample. The researchers reached several conclusions, including identifying several levels of crisis based on the results and statistics obtained (very high, high

This study sought to examine whether the combination of mental and skill training enhanced performance stability under competitive pressure in u-18 basketball players. The experimental research was conducted pretesting and post testing with a two-equivalent groups design. The sample for the current study was comprised of 12 subjects, who were randomly divided into two groups of six. Integrated mental and skill training A combined nine-weeks of mental and skills training program (3 times per week) was given to experimental group, however normal training programmed were allotted to the control one. The basketball-specific skill tests and a competitive golf anxiety scale were administered to obtain the data that was analyzed using

       The present study aimed to identify the learning gap between classroom-based education and artificial intelligence (AI)-based education among students of Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. It also sought to determine the effectiveness of classroom education and AI-based education in reducing the learning gap among these students. The research problem addressed the following questions: Are there statistically significant differences in the learning gap between students who learn through traditional classroom education and those who learn through AI-based education in Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences? What is the nature of the learning gap between classroom education and AI-based education am

Enhancing the functional efficiency of vital components (hemoglobin) to cope with the substantial accumulation of lactate, and improving the efficiency of muscle fibers during high-intensity exertion and pronounced intramuscular lactate buildup—along with increasing these fibers’ capacity to generate the required energy through lactate removal and breakdown during high-intensity training—constitutes a key factor in developing performance endurance. Among the most effective exercises that create these conditions are lactate-resistance training methods. The first aims to elevate lactate to maximal levels without excessive accumulation within muscle fibers, while the second seeks to raise intensity with increased accumulation in order

Badminton is one of the sports that has witnessed significant development through the great efforts made to expand its spread and to develop it from one level to a better level, relying on the science of biomechanics which studies human movement. Due to the absence of a study that has addressed the biomechanical variables of the long high serve skill in badminton, the researcher decided to address and interpret this study. The importance of the research lies in developing predictive equations for the long high serve skill in badminton based on the biomechanical variables of junior badminton players in order to provide important scientific results for players, coaches, and researchers. The research aims to identify some biomechanical vari

The relationship between strategic intelligence and the performance evaluation of school principals specializing in physical education from the perspective of administrative supervisors in Baghdad Governorate. Today, educational leadership is one of the most prominent pillars of the success of educational institutions, due to its effective role in achieving educational goals and raising the efficiency of administrative and educational performance. Among these skills, "strategic intelligence" stands out as a modern concept that combines logical thinking, the ability to predict the future, and working within a clear vision and effective partnership. This research aims to identify the relationship between strategic intelligence and the perf

The study aimed to design neuromuscular control exercises for the rehabilitation of men aged (50–55) years with temporary hemiplegia and to identify the effect of these exercises on restoring general strength and overall body balance in stroke sequelae. The researcher hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test results of the experimental and control groups in general strength and overall body balance, as well as statistically significant differences in the post-test results between the two groups in favor of the experimental group. The experimental method was adopted using a two-group design (experimental and control) on a sample of (11) patients intentionally selected through

      The aim of this research is to analyze and compare the electrical activity of selected upper limb muscles between the right and left sides during the performance of the Magyar skill on the pommel horse in artistic gymnastics in order to identify any muscular activity asymmetries among national team athletes. The researcher employed the descriptive analytical method due to its suitability for the nature of the study. The sample consisted of seven (7) gymnasts from the Iraqi national gymnastics team. The mean age was 22 years (±2.381) mean height was 170.571 cm (±5.940) mean weight was 62.286 kg (±5.736) and mean training experience was 11 years (±1.826). Electromyographic (EMG) recordings w

Artificial intelligence (AI) aims to develop systems that achieve a level of intelligence similar to or surpassing human intelligence. AI applications are designed to mimic human cognitive behaviors, with the goal of embedding human knowledge into computers through what is known as knowledge bases. Computers can then use software tools to search these bases, perform comparisons, and conduct analyses to derive and infer the best solutions to various problems. This process resembles how humans solve new problems in their daily lives by relying on past experiences, predicting potential outcomes, and using reasoning skills to evaluate the best available solutions. This study investigates the current use of AI applications in education by fac

The current research aims to identify the role of the Six Sigma approach in improving the quality of recreational services in accordance with the Arab Republic of Egypt's Vision 2030. This research aims to identify the aspects of diagnosing the support and commitment provided to improve the quality of recreational services Areas of availability and analysis of management information systems as an entry point for upgrading recreational services, aspects of improving human capital management to upgrading recreational services, achieving the material capabilities and infrastructure necessary to develop the quality of recreational services, areas of measuring and evaluating the nature of work in recreational activities, obstacles to developi

Study aimed to verification the effectiveness of a complete educational model based on visual modeling and video self-observation, guided feedback, and an externally focused attention on learning and retaining basic gymnastics skills among young gymnasts compared with the traditional method. study employed quasi-experimental design with two groups (experimental and control). The sample contained 40 young gymnasts aged 8–10 years from a sports academy in Riyadh, randomly divided into two equivalent groups (20 players each).

The educational program was applied within eight weeks, with two training sessions in a week, each part 90 minutes, according to a protocol that included warm-up, video presentation, part-to-whole guided pract

The research aimed to design an educational curriculum based on the constructivist model of John Zahorik and to employ it in instructional exercises during practical physical education lessons in basketball. It also sought to identify the effect of this educational curriculum on learning the performance of basketball shooting skills among fourth preparatory grade students. The researchers hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test results of the experimental and control groups in performing shooting skills — free throw performance, jump shot performance, and lay-up performance — in basketball. Furthermore, they assumed that there would be statistically significant differences

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a training program based on the kinetic chain concept and the angular kinetic energy index in improving the biomechanical variables of the tennis serve among young players in Iraq. The research adopted a quasi-experimental approach using a one-group design with pre- and post-tests. The sample consisted of 12 young players (aged 16–20 years), intentionally selected from tennis clubs in Baghdad and Basra. Participants underwent a specialized training program for eight weeks, and biomechanical variables were measured using three-dimensional motion analysis devices and high-speed cameras before and after the program. The results revealed statistically significant differences (α ≤ 0.05) b

The importance of the research lies in involving the process of developing core stability of the trunk muscles, as it treats the athlete's body as a single unit, specifically targeting the trunk muscles in basketball players. Therefore, the researchers wanted to explore this experiment. The research problem focused on the observation made by the researchers and their monitoring of most matches in the Iraqi Premier League, as well as their work as supervisors at the Al-Najaf Youth Forum and their observation of some local tournaments and league matches. They noticed that most coaches, whether national team coaches or club coaches, rely on a comprehensive training regimen for body muscles without paying attention to the deep trunk muscles

       The study aimed to codify the scale of orientation towards regular physical activity among obese women in the age group (30-35 years), in order to provide a scientific measurement tool that helps trainers in community gyms to design awareness and educational programs that enhance the continuity of physical activity. The researchers adopted the descriptive survey method, and the research population included women between the ages of 30 and 35 who are not overweight. Since the population size was not accurately determined, Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size, which amounted to 400 trainees. The sample was divided into an exploratory sample (10 trainees) and a control sample (190 trainees) that were randomly

The aim of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of the defensive performance of the goalkeepers of the Iraqi national futsal team and to compare it with that of the goalkeepers of the Iranian national team during the AFC Futsal Asian Cup 2024. The researcher employed the descriptive method using analytical and comparative approaches, based on observation and analysis of the matches played by both the Iraqi and Iranian national teams during the tournament, with a total of ten (10) matches analyzed. The researcher utilized the electronic application Sports Stats Recorder to analyze defensive performance and employed a data extraction form to record the data obtained through the analysis application. Upon completion of the match analy

Oxygen threshold (OT) is a key index that can reflect the ability to resist offensive skill performance in elite badminton players during the special preparation phase, which can be estimated when utf8_output = 'false ‘separated methods: A total of 20 professional elite male badminton players at the national level were recruited as research subjects. A total of twenty male elite players of the Iraqi badminton national team were included in this study. Oxygen threshold, total energy expenditure was monitored with wearable metabolic tracking devices and measured the clone endurance entraining specifically in sport literary offense skill performance. Scores correlated significantly with the O2 threshold and offensive skill endurance (r =.

This study aims to analyze ball possession loss (Turnovers) and its relationship with the total shooting attempts in different play situations for the teams that qualified for the semifinals of the professional Iraqi Basketball Premier League for the (2023-2024) season. Data were collected from the matches played by the four qualified teams: Al-Naft, Al-Karkh, Al-Shorta, and Al-Difaa Al-Jawi. The study examined the relationship between ball possession loss and total shooting attempts (considering each shot attempts as a possession, control, and offensive play), including two-point attempts, three-point attempts, and free throws resulting from minor personal fouls and compound fouls. The results revealed a negative correlation between bal

This study aimed to investigate the effect of static stretching and full dynamic stretching exercises using elastic resistance bands on the development of motor balance and dynamic flexibility in youth basketball players. The research sample consisted of (12) youth players from Al-Adhamiya Sports Club basketball team, who participated in a training program utilizing elastic resistance bands alongside their regular training for a duration of (8) weeks, with (3) training sessions per week. To measure the study variables, the Modified Bass Test of Dynamic Balance was used to assess motor balance, and a dynamic flexibility test was employed to evaluate movement flexibility. The results revealed statistically significant differences between t

The significance of the present research is to know the nature of the relationship between psychological hesitation and the level of skill performance in the diving skill among second-year female students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Baghdad, for the academic year (2024-2025). It also intends to introduce the idea of psychological hesitation in diving skill and how to deal with it. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach because it is appropriate to the nature of the study. The research sample consisted of (30) female students, purposely selected from those who regularly attended the practical classes, aged between (19-21) years.

The researcher applied a Psychological Hesi

The project of inquiry employed a narrative approach to examine the relationship between the inadequate jumping abilities of female college those studying mathematics and their lack of durability for quicker acceleration. Thirty female students, ages 14–16, with an average training duration of 5.77 years, made up the sample. The Sargent has test, the leap of height test, and the status broad vertical jump were used to measure explosive power. Four dance jumps—the cat leap, scissor jump, side kick, and large jump—were used to evaluate the students' performance, and their cumulative jump score was calculated. Descriptive stats the Shapiro-Wilk test to confirm normality, and the Pearson correlation coefficient, which to evaluate how i

The study aimed to identify the effect of elastic resistance band training on developing lower- and upper-limb muscular power and reactive agility among under-18 basketball players. The experimental method was used with a pre- and post-test design for two equivalent groups (experimental and control). Twelve Al-Defaa Al-Jawiy volleyball players were randomly assigned into two groups of six individuals. The experimental group underwent an 8-week training program using elastic resistance bands, with a frequency of three times per week, independent of the traditional intervention applied to the control group. Strength of the lower-limb musculature was assessed by vertical jumping, strength of the upper-limb

The study aimed to construct two measurement scales—one for dialogical leadership and another for sustainable development—in youth and sports forums in Baghdad, and to identify the levels of both variables as perceived by employees. It also examined the contribution and effect of dialogical leadership on sustainable development. The researcher hypothesized that the results of the dialogical leadership scale would be significantly correlated with and positively influence the results of the sustainable development scale. A descriptive correlational approach was adopted, with a population of 1,161 employees from three youth and sports forums in Baghdad (Al-Karkh, Al-Rusafa, and Sadr City). The main sample was purposively selected from t

The aim of the research was to construct an attentional control scale in football for fifth-grade secondary school students, design skill exercises using Fitlight technology, employ them in practical physical education football lessons, and identify the effect of these exercises on attentional control and the performance of corner kick and penalty kick skills. The researcher hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test results of both the experimental and control groups in attentional control and in the performance of the corner kick and penalty kick skills in football, as well as statistically significant differences between the post-test results of the experimental and control gr

The aim of the research was to prepare educational units using the meta-cognitive strategy in positive thinking and cognitive achievement and developing some complex skills in football for students, prepare two scales of positive thinking in football for students, identify the effectiveness of educational units using positive thinking and developing some complex skills in football for students, the researchers used the experimental method by designing the experimental and control groups to suit the nature of the problem. The community of students of the Secondary School for Sports Sciences affiliated to the General Directorate of Education in Rusafa II was identified, numbering (90) students, and the sample members were selected with a n