The global need for the treatment of cancer diseases has been directed towards the use of enzymes, as these diseases have worsened in recent years for several reasons, including chemical and physical pollutants. L-glutaminase is one of the enzymes used in the treatment of tumors, as it converts the amino acid glutamine into glutamic acid, which helps inhibit the growth of cancer cells. Therefore, this study aimed to produce and purify L-glutaminase from a local isolate of P. aeruginosa P48 and evaluate its anticancer activity. The result of PCR with the 16SrRNA gene for identification of P. aeruginosa P48 showed that the 16SrRNA gene (956bp) was presented as a single band on agarose gel as an

     The significant factor that participated in virulence and pathogenesis for Gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is biofilm development. In hospital settings, biofilm construction on medical equipment is quite concerning since it is a permanent source of infection. The infection results from S. aureus biofilm, which was considered a serious problem due to the difficulty in treating it with traditional antibiotics. In recent years, the medical community has been using probiotic bacteria to suppress biofilm development. The current work aims to investigate the impact of cell-free supernatant (CFS) of lactobacillus acidophilus on biofilm generation and gene expres

The combined effects of glycemic dysregulation, dyslipidemia, and cellular stress responses lead to increased expression of glucose-regulated protein-78 (GRP-78), a key mediator in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development. Due to its involvement in glucose and lipid metabolism, GRP-78 is considered a potential therapeutic biomarker. This study aimed to assess the impact of various antidiabetic medications on GRP-78 levels in individuals with T2DM. A cross-sectional study comprised 134 participants: 96 T2DM patients who were divided into patients under treatment with glucovance 500 (n=38), or insulin injection (n=42), and newly diagnosed diabetic patients (n=16). A control group of 38 healthy subjects were enrolled. Serum levels GRP-78

     Breast cancer is a major cause of malignancies–related mortalities among women worldwide. The development and progression of this disease are attributed to the contribution of key cellular modulators, including the NBN (Nibrin) gene and interleukin 20 (IL20), that are linked to genomic instability, stemness, cell cycle regulation and cancer predisposition. Due to the lack of local studies investigating NBN gene expression in the context of breast cancer, the present study aims to assess its gene expression along with the assessment of interleukin 20 (IL20) serum levels in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients in comparison to cases with benign breast lumps and healthy controls. Total RNA was extracted from t

     Fungal infections of the respiratory system have increased in recent years with the increase in the number of fungal spores due to pollution, so there was a need for a study focusing on fungal species that infect the respiratory system, studying their pathogenicity and diagnosing them accurately to be able to give appropriate treatment and save patients. The study aimed to isolate and diagnose pathogenic fungi from patients with respiratory diseases and to indicate their pathogenicity by studying their virulence, toxicity, and impact on the immune system to know the extent of the danger of these fungi as well as their impact in causing serious opportunistic diseases for patients with respiratory injuries. The current study obtai

       This work employed the Zernike and Karhunen-Loeve polynomials in the adaptive optics (AO) systems to correct wave-front aberrations. The present work uses MATLAB-based program for simulating wave-front distortion correction with the use of the Modal AO method. Wave-front aberrations were represented by a modified von Karman turbulence model; numerical simulations and analyses were performed. The Zernike polynomials higher values of SNR and Strehl ratios, lower values of RMSE, variance, and covariance in comparison to Karhunen-Loeve polynomials modes, proved the superiority of the Zernike polynomials in correcting wave-front distortion. The present work provides valuable insights into the quality and performance metrics of th

Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using the extracellular mixture solution of Gram-negative bacteria Klebsiella pneumonia and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus acted as a reducing and capping agent to stabilize and prevent the aggregation of the biosynthesized nanoparticles. CuO NPs are characterized by UV-visible, FTIR, AFM, FE-SEM, and XRD, and tested for their antibiofilm activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The biofilm capability was demonstrated with the microtiter plate method. The antibiotic susceptibility of P. aeruginosa exhibits resistance to Piperacillin, Nitrofloxacin, and Levofloxacin. While sensitive to Cefepime, Piperacillin-Tazobactam, and Imipenem.   The antib

Ecological diversity between the diurnal bird of F. francolinus and the diurnal squirrel of S. anomalus reflects the ability to adapt to their vision environments. The histological characteristics of the retina in F. francolinus and S. anomalus were studied using light microscopy. The retina of F. francolinus is avascular, while that of S. anomalus is vascular. The retina in both species consists of ten layers. In both species, the retina includes cones and rods, and the increased cone density is adapted for daytime and color vision. The retina of F. francolinus contains a shallow fovea for visual acuity. This shallow fovea was characterized by the presence of all retinal lay

     The Leishmania parasite is divided into two main divisions: the old-world Leishmania species and the new-world Leishmania species. The antileishmanial medications currently in use have a number of side effects, for instance, their toxicity to humans, liver issues, long-term treatment, and extreme cost. Cymbopogon citratus is a herbal medicine used as an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, and gastrointestinal disturbances remedy. Sphingolipids (SLs) in many eukaryotes, one of the important cell membrane components, and their metabolites interfere with the control of many vital functions in the cell, such as cell growth, apoptosis, and differentiation. In this study, th

     A convex open boundary domain was used to define the predator-prey equations. This was then mathematically analysed using Robin boundary conditions. Using the Faedo-Galerkin methodology and compactness arguments, we demonstrate the existence of strong and weak solutions and their uniqueness. The solution findings exhibit a higher level of regularity. We construct a more regular model based on the initial data. Furthermore, we can demonstrate continuous dependence on initial conditions. To complement the theoretical results, numerical simulations were also conducted, confirming the validity of the model and illustrating the dynamic behaviour of the predator-prey system under Robin boundary conditions.

     Several heavy metals emitted from car petrol may accumulate in occupational workers at elevated concentrations, resulting in various impacts on these workers. The current work was designed to assess the blood content of  Zn, Cu, and Pb in occupationally exposed workers. Four car filling stations situated within Baghdad city, Iraq, and 40 occupational workers were subjected to this study; in addition, a sample of 20 individuals away from these examined fuel stations was selected to act as a control sample during November 2023. From both occupational workers and control samples, 4 ml of blood from each individual was taken and placed in a gel tube for coagulation. Each blood sample was centrifuged for 40 min at 3000 rpm to separa

 This note introduces a new extended concept into a fuzzy soft area that plays a prominent role in functional analysis, called the fuzzy soft b-partial metric space, which is an extension of the fuzzy soft metric space and the fuzzy soft partial metric space. The research discusses numerous analytical features based on this proposed space, including the -closed, -open ball, -Hausdorff space, and -converge sequence. Moreover, several essential theorems of convergence of this space are investigated. Furthermore, close connections between this newly defined space and b-metric spaces are also examined. In this regard, several instances are illustrated.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder characterized by inflammatory joint damage, leading to stiffness, swelling, and pain. The biomarkers galectin-3 (Gal-3) and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) have been implicated in RA pathogenesis. This study aimed to observe the effect of Methotrexate (MTX) and Etanercept (ETA) medications on serum Gal-3 and MMP-3 levels of Iraqi RA patients. Gal-3 and MMP-3 were measured in sera of 92 RA patients and 38 control using ELISA assay. Patients were categorized into groups according to received treatment: MTX, ETA, combined MTX plus ETA, and untreated patients (Un-T).  The clinical disease activity index (CDAI) was calculated for patients. The Gal-3 levels for MTX red

     Bitter almond is a peach fruit from the Rosaceae family.  Despite its diverse health benefits, some harmful and toxic properties can be produced in the body as it contains hydrocyanic acid, which gives a bitter taste. This study was conducted to investigate the harmful toxic properties of bitter almonds that can be produced in the body as they contain hydrocyanic acid; despite its many beneficial secondary metabolites. Methods: Whole bitter almond seeds collected in Iraq were extracted and dosed to rats. 20 Westar albino male rats weighing (200- 250) gm were obtained from the Biotechnology Center / AL-Nahrain University. The animals were divided into 4 groups (control group administered distill

     Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen associated with community and hospital-acquired infections; it can rapidly develop resistance to new antibiotics. The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has severely limited treatment options, necessitating the judicious use of effective antibiotics such as clindamycin. However, routine susceptibility tests often fail to detect inducible clindamycin resistance (ICR), ultimately leading to treatment failures. This cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2023 to June 2024, and it aimed to identify and report the prevalence of ICR phenotypes among MRSA with the d-test. A total of 101 isolates were investigated, of which 85 were

     Efficient solar energy harvesting through selective absorber coatings is critical for advancing sustainable thermal applications, such as domestic hot water production and water purification. Enhancing photo-thermal conversion while maintaining durability and ease of fabrication remains a challenge. To address this, a composite selective coating was developed by decorating a heat-resistant paint with aluminium and nickel particles, applied via air-spraying on the base paint layer. The coatings were characterized structurally, morphologically, and compositionally using optical microscopy, field-emission electron microscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and elemental mapping. Photo-thermal conversion perf

     This research is primarily an educational applied study, where a step-by-step MATLAB program has been written (unlike other ready-made programs). This allows researchers to modify, add, or remove any steps that suit their work in the program and what they find most appropriate for their tasks. The program is based on the spectral signature of the colors present in the map; it selects an area composed of 30×30 pixels or 20×20 pixels in a desert region, for example. The program recognizes its basic colors to identify all similar areas throughout the map and other regions, whether they are fertile areas, semi-desert regions, or water bodies. This research is a guide on applying for a program in MATLAB step by step to reach wide a

     Due to radioactive uranium pollution of water posing serious risks to human health and the environment, effective and sustainable cleanup techniques are required. Zeolite, a porous alumina-silicate mineral with a large surface area and ion-exchange capacity, has drawn interest as a successful uranium removal adsorbent. This study the removal of uranium from radioactively polluted water using laboratory prepared zeolite. To increase the adsorption efficiency, a number of variables were adjusted, such as pH, contact time, initial uranium content, and temperature. According to experimental studies, zeolite exhibits a great affinity for uranium ions and, in the right circumstances, can remove uranium ions with high efficiency. The r

     One plant with considerable therapeutic promise is Jatropha integerrima (J. integerrima ), which belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family. This study aimed to assess the cytotoxic effects on the (B16) melanoma cell line of ethyl acetate fraction obtained from the aerial parts of J. integerrima cultivated in Iraq, with six concentrations (200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 µg/ml). It has drawn interest due to its possible cytotoxic effects on several cancer cell types. The bioactive chemicals responsible for the observed cytotoxic activity were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) on the ethyl acetate fraction. The cytotoxicity of the fraction

     Biofilm formation interferes with Enterococcus faecalis infections. Modulating biofilm formation may aid in developing innovative treatment strategies for multidrug-resistant bacteria responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs). This study aims to evaluate the effect of nitrofurantoin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) on E. faecalis biofilm formation and adherence. Midstream urine samples (78) were collected from patients with UTI. The biochemical tests and VITIK technology were used to identify the E. faecalis isolates. The MICs of nitrofurantoin were determined to evaluate the susceptibility of E. faecalis isolates. Biofilm levels to polystyrene and adherence to human oral mucosal e

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is essential for immune function, facilitating the conversion of adenosine to inosine. Elevated ADA activity has been observed in several autoimmune disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which is characterized by the production of autoantibodies and dysregulation of T and B lymphocytes. This study involved thirty-five females diagnosed with SLE disease classified according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria and 70 age-matched healthy controls. Blood and saliva samples were collected from all participants both before and after 4 weeks of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) treatment. Results demonstrated that serum and saliva levels of TADA, ADA1, and ADA2 activities were noticeably hi

Ribonucleases (RNases) play a crucial role in various biological processes. Many studies have affirmed their significant role in numerous types of cancer. Saliva is an absorbing fluid that has attracted the attention of researchers due to its essential role in pathological and physiological situations. Therefore, this study aims to explore the relevance of alkaline and acidic Ribonuclease activities in serum and saliva for the diagnosis of breast tumours as well as the potential of using saliva as an alternative diagnostic fluid for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients and benign tumour. The study examined changes in RNase activities in the serum and saliva of some breast-tuomr patients. The result demonstrated a significant

     This study investigates the relationship between biochemical and inflammatory markers and the extent of ulcerative colitis (UC) in pediatric patients. A case-control study involving 200 participants, comprising 100 healthy controls and 100 with UC patients, all aged 7–16 years, was conducted. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for water- and fat-soluble vitamins (B12, C, β-carotene, D, A, and E), inflammatory markers (erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR], interferon gamma [INF-γ], C-reactive protein [CRP], tumor necrosis factor [TNF-α]), hemoglobin, and Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), using ELIZA-based analysis and manual methods. Participants also supplied data regarding their family history of UC, rural or urban residency, a

     The molecular mechanisms of migraine, a complex neurological disease, are yet unknown. The pathogenesis of migraine is thought to be influenced by oxidative stress. The presented work aims to evaluate the fasting blood sugar (FBS), advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin, lipid profile, triglyceride-glucose index (TyG), copper, magnesium, vitamin D, potassium, and B12 vitamin in patients with migraine. The studied groups were divided into two groups: Group 1 (G1) is the healthy control group (HC) (n=50, males n=21/ females n=29). Group 2 (G2) consisted of patients with episodic migraine (n=50, males n=9/ females n=41). Results had shown that patients who h

This study involved the synthesis of copper oxide/hydroxide (CuO and Cu(OH)₂) nanoparticles via the UV-Vis method. The resulting nanoparticles were characterized using different analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The morphological and structural characteristics of the synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed, revealing that the particle sizes of the samples ranged from 21.66 to 15.95 nm. Their antibacterial properties were determined against two different types of bacterial strains, namely Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (+ve) and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (-ve), in addition to their acti

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized via a co-precipitation procedure. Comprehensive characterization included infrared fluorescence, X-ray scattering spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, as well as X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. Surface properties were analyzed using Langmuir, Brunauer -Emmett-Teller, Barrett–Joyner–Halenda, t-plot techniques, and the N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms methods to determine surface area and pore structure. Results confirmed the nanoparticles possess high purity. The size of the synthesized particles ranged from 30-40 nm, which was determined by scanning electron microscopy. The surface area of the prepared particles is 31,227 m² g^-1, a

     Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), clinically depicted by insulin resistance and long-standing hyperglycemia, predisposes to infections and is further exacerbated in COVID-19 patients, thereby resulting in an increased risk of severe outcomes. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate type 2 diabetes and non-diabetic patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and compare them with control samples for levels of INF-α, INF-β, and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgM/IgG). The study aims to determine the impact of type 2 diabetes on the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 and to understand which immunodeficiency could explain the poor prognosis in diabetic patients. A total number of 430 nasal swabs were collected from patients in Kirkuk betwe

     In this paper, nanoferrite (CdFe₂O₄-SnO₂) was prepared by the auto combustion method (sol-gel), with weight ratios of (x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25) for SnO₂. The properties of the nanoferrite were characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, and EDX techniques. The results showed that the produced compound had a cubic spinel ferrite phase; the crystallite size was determined using the Scherrer and Williamson-Hall equation. The FE-SEM image demonstrated that the compound is porous, with nanoscale particles that have a ball-like appearance. The EDX test verified the existence of Fe, O, Cd, and Sn atoms. Gas sensing showed the compound's high sensitivity to H₂S.

     One of the essential technologies worldwide is cloud computing. Increasing demand for its various Amazon Web Services (AWS) services make it more vulnerable to different types of attacks, such as DoS, DDoS, Infiltration, and others). The full list of attack types used in this study is presented in the classification section. Protecting cloud systems and their data mainly depends on various security technologies, including intrusion detection systems that monitor network traffic to detect suspicious activity or potential threats. This research proposes a model to contribute to solving the problem of identifying malicious activities in cloud networks. This model has three stages: the initial stage is pre-processing, encompassing d

     Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases are increasing day by day due to the continuous change in people's dietary habits, as these changes play a major role in several intestinal problems. Endoscopy is a medical imaging device used to detect and diagnose gastrointestinal diseases such as esophagitis and benign tumors. Manual diagnosis consumes a long time, so there is an urgent need to use computer techniques for GI disease diagnosis accurate and fast. In this study, a Bayesian optimizer-based pre-trained model architecture (BOPMA) is proposed to improve GI disease detection. The BOPMA is concerned with adapting the Bayesian optimizer in two important aspects: improving the EfficientNetV2s architecture and fine-tuning the hyperparameter