Preferred Language
Sort By
Filters
Filter
Publication
Publication Date
Indexed In
Publication Date
Thu Jun 15 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Legal Sciences
التقاضي في التشريعات الاجتماعية: دراسة في التشريعات العراقية
...Show More Authors

ان مناط الرقابة القضائية على اعمال الادارة وحق الادارة في التقاضي ازاء المتعاملين معها تزداد قوة في مواجهة الجوانب المالية في الدول الرافضة للاستمرار بالمنهاج الاشتراكي- التدخلي والالتجاء الى المنهج الجديد القائل بحيادية الدولة مما يستدعي فيما الوقوف على جوانب التشريعات التي تتعامل معها وزارة العمل وحقها في التقاضي والاجراءات السابقة للاستحقاقات خاصة المالية منها للمشمولين بها, حيث ان الظروف العالمية ا

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Sun Apr 02 2017
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
IQ TEST STANDARDIZATION OF MARTEN LOTHER JOHAN WITH CHILDREEN OF THE SEVEN YEAR
...Show More Authors

This study aimed to IQ test standardization of Marten Lother Johan which used with childreen of the tow  stage at primary schools who aged (7) years old in Baghdad (Resafaa and Kharh).

 The importance of this study are :

1-The  importance of childhood and its role to develop the personality.

2-The importance of this age as the child will exposure to different kind of official teaching .

3-The capability for early detection of special category for early intervention in order to provide the necessary care .

4-Using the current test could consider as a predictive tool to screen the intelligent children .

In order to achieve the study aim, the researcher had followed the

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Sun Jul 09 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Dynamic Behavior of Pb(II) and Cr(III) Biosorption onto Dead Anaerobic Biomass in Fixed-Bed Column, Single and Binary Systems
...Show More Authors

The biosorption of lead (II) and chromium (III) onto dead anaerobic biomass (DAB) in single and binary systems has been studied using fixed bed adsorber. A general rate multi- component model (GRM) has been utilized to predict the fixed bed breakthrough curves for single and dual- component system. This model considers both external and internal mass transfer resistances as well as axial dispersion with non-liner multi-component isotherm (Langmuir model). The effects of important parameters, such as flow rate, initial concentration and bed height on the behavior of breakthrough curves have been studied. The equilibrium isotherm model parameters such as maximum uptake capacities for lead (II) and chromium (III) were found to be 35.12 and

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref (1)
Crossref
Publication Date
Sun Jun 30 2013
Journal Name
Al-khwarizmi Engineering Journal
Effect the Grain Size on the Polymer Matrix Composites Reinforced by Reenia Particles
...Show More Authors

 Synthetic polymers such as polyurethane are used widely in the field of biomedical applications such as implants or part of implant systems.

This paper focuses on the preparation of base polymer matrix composite materials by (Hand Lay-Up) method, and studying the effect of selected grain size (32, 53, 63, 75, and 90) µm of (Reenia) particles on some properties of the prepared composite.

Mechanical tests were used to evaluate the prepared system (Tensile, Compression, Impact, and Hardness) tests, and a physical test of (Water absorption %), and all tests were accomplished at room temperature.

Where results showed tensile test (maximum tensile strength and modulus of elasticity) high at small grain size while

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Tue Mar 05 2019
Journal Name
Biomedical And Pharmacology Journal
Prevalence and Public Health Importance of Hydatidosis in Sheep Slaughtered by Unlicensed Ways
...Show More Authors

Hydatidosis is a zoonotic, helminthes parasitic disease that cause veterinary and human problems due to economic burden. Amis of the current study was to estimate the prevalence rate of hydatidosis infecting different organs of sheep slaughtered in street. In addition, investigate the relationship between age, gender and the infected rates in some Baghdad areas during a period from may to end of July 2018.A total of 188 sheep was examined for detection of Hydatid cyst in different organs using macroscopic and microscopic examination The overall prevalence rate of 47.9% was recorded. The results indicate non significant differences according to age and gender, the highest rate 57% was observed in sheep more than one year old compare

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref (3)
Crossref
Publication Date
Sat Apr 01 2017
Journal Name
International Journal Of Science And Research
Evaluating the Behavior of Ring Footing on Two-Layered Soil Subjected to Inclined Load
...Show More Authors

Evaluating the behavior of a ring foundation resting on multi-layered soil is one of the important issues facing civil engineers. Many researchers have studied the behavior of ring foundation rests on multi-layered soil with vertical loads acting on the foundation. In real life ring foundation can be subjected to both vertical and horizontal loads at the same time due to wind or the presence of soil. In this research, the behavior of ring footing subjected to inclined load has been studied using PLAXIS software. Furthermore, the effect of multi-layered soil has been simulated in the model. The results showed that both vertical and horizontal stresses are mainly affected when the inclination angle of the load exceeded 45 degrees with a reduc

... Show More
Publication Date
Sat Mar 28 2015
Journal Name
Journal Of Physical Education
تأثيـــــــــــــر استخدام جهاز مساعدة في تطوير أداء قفزة اليدين الأمامية على منصة القفز بالجمناستك للناشئين
...Show More Authors

هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على تأثير الأجهزة المساعد الترامبولين وجهاز التردد حصان ارضي نابضي على تطوير تعلم مهارة قفزة اليدين الأمامية على منصة القفز. وقد استخدم الباحث المنهج التجريبي على عينة من لاعبين ناشئين بالجمناستك بعمر (9-10) سنوات وعددهم (10) لاعبين تم تقسيمهم عشوائيا إلى مجموعتين تجريبية وضابطة عدد كل منهما (5) لاعبين. طبقت عليهم (24) وحدة تدريبية بواقع ثلاث وحدات تدريبية في الأسبوع وبزمن (30-35) دقيقة للوحدة

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Mon Mar 28 2016
Journal Name
Journal Of Physical Education
التحليل الفسيولوجي لاختبار وينجات (Wingate) في القدرة والسعة اللاهوائية واهم المتغيرات الوظيفية خلال الاختبار وبعده للرياضيين
...Show More Authors

هدفت الدراسة الحالية الى معرفة التغيرات الوظيفية المرتبطة بالحد الاقصى لاستهلاك الاوكسجين والقدرة اللاهوائية القصوى والسعة اللاهوائية عند اداء اختبار Wingate لمرة واحدة ولمرتين بغية تقديم حقائق علمية عن تلك الاستجابات المؤقتة, وقد شملت عينة البحث لاعبوا منتخب جامعة القادسية لكرة القدم للعام الدراسي 2014 – 2015 والبالغ عددهم (20) لاعبا بعد استبعاد حراس المرمى وقد بلغ متوسط اطوالهم (180 سم) وبأوزان (74 كغم) اذ تم اداء ا

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Sat Jan 01 2011
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
ANALYSIS OF GEOTEXTILE EMBANKMENT BY ANSYS
...Show More Authors

The major objectives of this research are to analyze the behavior of road embankments
reinforced with geotextiles constructed on soft soil and describe the finite element analysis by using
ANSYS program ver. (5.4). The ANSYS finite element program helps in analyzing the stability of
geo- structure (embankment) in varied application of geotextiles reinforcement to enhance the best
design for embankment.
The results of analysis indicate that one of the primary function of geotextiles reinforcement was to
reduce the horizontal displacement significantly. With the inclusions of reinforcement, the horizontal
displacement reduced by about (81%), while the vertical displacement reduced by (32%). The effect
of geotextiles

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref (1)
Crossref
Publication Date
Tue Oct 02 2018
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Physics
Study the effect of thermal annealing on some physical properties of thin Cu2SiO3 films prepared by pulsed laser deposition
...Show More Authors

The Cu2SiO3 composite has been prepared from the binary compounds (Cu2O, and SiO2) with high purity by solid state reaction. The Cu2SiO3 thin films were deposited at room temperature on glass and Si substrates with thickness 400 nm by pulsed laser deposition method. X-ray analysis showed that the powder of Cu2SiO3 has a polycrystalline structure with monoclinic phase and preferred orientation along (111) direction at 2θ around 38.670o which related to CuO phase. While as deposited and annealed Cu2SiO3 films have amorphous structure. The morphological study revealed that the grains have granular and elliptical shape, with average diameter of 163.63 nm. The electrical properties which represent Hall effect were investigated. Hall coeffici

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Fri Mar 01 2019
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Physics
Study the effect of Ag nanoparticles and ZnO nanoparticles at different concentrations on the viscosity and surface tension of Polyacrylamide solutions
...Show More Authors

Polyacrylamide Solutions of different concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 %) of Ag nanoparticles and ZnO nanoparticles were prepared, the viscosities and surface tension were measured for all solutions, where measurements indicated an increase in these properties with increased concentration, where the relative viscosity of polyacrylamide/zinc nanoparticles increased from 1.275 to 2.243, and the relative viscosity of polyacrylamide/silver nanoparticles increased from 1.178 to 1.934. Viscosity is significant parameters during electrospinning process. While the surface tension of the polyacrylamide/zinc nanoparticles has changed from 0.0343 Nm-1 to .0.0.0 Nm-1 and changed from .0.000Nm-1 to.0.0.0 Nm-1. Also the constants KH and KK were

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref (1)
Crossref
Publication Date
Thu Dec 06 2018
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Agricultural Sciences
EVALUATION OF QUALITY OF LIQUID ORGANIC FERTILIZER FROM RABBIT’S URINE WASTE FERMENTED USING LOCAL MICROORGANISMS AS DECOMPOSERS
...Show More Authors

Rabbit’s urine waste (RUW) is one of the by-products of rabbit metabolism that not utilized. The complex nutrient content of rabbit’s urine is an enormous potential as a basic ingredient of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF). In the production process of LOF, the fermentation process becomes very important. In the fermentation process, the role of decomposer is very important. The use of commercial decomposers (CD) containing selected microorganisms is difficult to implement in rural areas, as they are expensive and difficult to obtain. Therefore, it is very important to find alternative sources of decomposers derived from nature.  This study aims to evaluate the quality of LOF made from RUW using local microorganism (LM) a

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref (1)
Crossref
Publication Date
Wed Dec 05 2018
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Agricultural Sciences
DETERMINATION HETEROSIS,COMBINING ABILITY AND GENE ACTION USING HALF DIALLEL CROSSES IN MAIZE.
...Show More Authors

Six inbred lines of maize were crossed in this study by using half – diallel analysis method , during spring season of 2017, to produce fifteen F1 crosses. The parents and crosses were cultivated during fall season of 2017 by using R.C.B.D with three replications to determine heterosis, general and specific combining ability effects and gene action . Significant differences were found among parental and their crosses for all the traits . The results were showed that the hybrid ( Zm - 1× Zm - 5) had the highest heterosis in grain yield.plant-1 (113.4%). The hybrid (ART-B-17x SYN-33) produced highest number rows. ear-1 (17.

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Scopus Crossref
Publication Date
Thu Dec 06 2018
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Agricultural Sciences
DETERMINATION OF DELTAMETHRIN RESIDUES IN MANDARIN ORANGE AND STUDYING ITS PHYSIOLOYICAL EFFECTS ON MALE MICE BLOOD PROFILE
...Show More Authors

 Deltamethrin insecticide was highly toxic to mammals and had long-term residual effects and easily causing environmental pollution. The dependence concentration of deltamethrin (25 ppm) was used to treat  unripe mandarin orange fruits through a field experiment. A daily and weekly fruit samples, up to 35 days, were examined for deltamethrin residues. The concentrations  of  deltamethrin  which immigrated via peel into flesh of mandarin orange were 3.4, 3.9, 4.5 and 5.2 ppm after 1, 2, 3 and 4 days respectively. The levels of deltamethrin residues were decreased (due to many degradation reasons) from the maximum amount (after 4 days) to undetectable amount after 35 days. The field experiment showed that t

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Fri Dec 01 2017
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Agricultural Sciences
DETERMINATION OF INSULIN GENE INSG POLYMORPHISMS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH SOME PRODUCTIVE TRAITS IN BOTH SEXES OF HYBRID BROILER ROSS308
...Show More Authors

To determine the polymorphisms of Insulin gene INSg and its relationship with some productive traits such as rate of initial and weekly body weight, average weekly body gain, live body weight, carcass weight, dressing %, cuts weight and weight for abdominal fat on broiler  in both sexes for Ross 308  hybrid, 200 one – day old chicks, reared on closed system tagged and weighted initially and weekly for 35 days, polymorphisms for Insulin gene were determined by using MSPI restriction enzyme and PCR-RFLP technique. Results showed two genotypes were detected only for INSg differ highly significantly P<0.01 between them and on its effect on studied treats was differ sig

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Thu Dec 06 2018
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Agricultural Sciences
BIOLOGICAL GROWTH QUALITY OF CARASOBARBUS LUTEUS FROM EUPHRATES IN AL- MUTHANNA PROVINCE
...Show More Authors

Results of current study represents the first investigation on age groups and growth of  Carasobarbus luteus from two stations of the Euphrates in Al- Muthanna province, during  the period from September 2017 to March 2018.A total of 155 samples were caught belonging this fish species . age group comprised five (II+-VI+) for males and six (II+-VII+) for females with dominant III + age group in both sexes. The annual increment in length was decreased with the increase in age group, while the

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref (1)
Crossref
Publication Date
Thu Dec 28 2000
Journal Name
The Iraqi Journal Of Veterinary Medicine
DIAGNOSIS OF NON-VIRAL INFECTION IN FAOBROCHICKEN BREEDERS
...Show More Authors

This study indicate that the four lines of FAOBRO chicken breeders could be exposed to non-vira1 infections .The range of acceptability were variable from one line of breeders to another. The perccentage of yolk sac infection was ( 44. 3% ) at the age of first week in chickens in all lines. cocidial infection represent percentage ( 27.1% ) in the lines A,C and D only , cases of septicemia were recorded in brooding, rearing and eggs production with a percentage of (21.7%). the highest was seen in the eggs production period Air sacculitis occurrence was in a percentage of (3.5%) from the total cases examined and was seen in line B only at brooding period .Gout cases 

View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Sun Mar 04 2012
Journal Name
The Iraqi Journal Of Veterinary Medicine
Comparison the effect of aqueous leaves extract of Melia azedarach L. and Anastatica hierochuntic with antibiotic (Enrofloxaccin) on some blood and biochemical traits of broiler: Z. T. M. AL-Dhanki and A. A. Al-Hamadani
...Show More Authors

This experiment were conducted to compare the effect of aqueous leaves extract of Melia azedarach and Anastatica hierochuntic with the antibiotic (Enrofloxaccin) for 49 days, 270 chicks one day old (Ross 308) were randomly distributed into 6 treatments with 3 replicates per treatment and 15 chicks per replicate (45 chicks/treatment). The first treatment were the control, antibiotic (enrofloxaccin) were used in the second treatment at rate of 0.5 ml per liter of tap water, in the 3rd and 4th treatment the aqueous leaves extract of Anastatica hierochuntic were used at rate of 10 and 15 mg/L respectively, and in the 5th and 6th treatment the aqueous leaves extract of Melia azedarach were used at rate of 10 and 15 mg / ml resp. At the end of

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Thu Oct 30 2008
Journal Name
College Of Islamic Sciences
Qarun In the Holy Quran "": An analytical study
...Show More Authors

For in the Holy Qur’an there are vivid examples and speaking models that tell stories of the tyrants who filled the world with tyranny and overwhelmed it with tyranny, and the Holy Qur’an presents these proverbs to people, not so that they may be amused by them, but rather so that they consider and bite with them. For every tyrannical tyrant, he lives within a framework of self-loss, according to him from life he lives and suffices, even without attachment to a principle or an ideal, and in the world of the unconscious with his whims, without any regard for death that is closer to him than his jugular vein, or for an account that does not leave small or great Therefore, the title of my research came to this (Qarun in the Holy Qur’a

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Thu Sep 05 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering / University Of Baghdad
Subsurface Water Retention a Technology for Increasing the Field Use Efficiency and Water Saving Values of Cucumber Plant
...Show More Authors

The technology of subsurface soil water retention (SWRT) uses a polyethylene trough that is fixed under the root zone of the plant. It is a modern technology to increase the values of water use efficiency, plant productivity and saving irrigation water by applying as little irrigation water as possible. This study work aims at improving the crop yield and water use efficiency of a cucumber plant with less applied irrigation water by installing membrane trough below the soil surface. The field experiment was conducted in the Hawr Rajab District of Baghdad Governorate in Winter 2018 for testing various trickle irrigation systems. Two agricultural treatment plots were utilized in a greenhouse for the comparison. Plot T1 has used a subsurface t

... Show More
View Publication
Crossref (1)
Crossref
Publication Date
Mon Feb 28 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
The Social Dimension of the Phenomenon of Suicide in Iraq: Reasons and Proposals "Field Study in Baghdad Police Stations
...Show More Authors

There have been many negative phenomena in Iraqi society, especially after the political crises over the last years, such as the spread of violence, the deterioration of the economic situation, the spread of unemployment and poverty, and the disintegration of social ties, divorce, and the entry of the scourge of drugs. Among the most dangerous of these emergent phenomena, the phenomenon of suicide among young people of both sex, which has grown and increased in an unprecedented manner, surpassing all known social norms in Iraqi society and the prevailing religious values. Suicide in Iraqi society has transformed from a simple case to a visible presence in all Iraqi provinces. Suicides cases have registered in all cities of Iraq and of bo

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Thu Aug 22 2019
Journal Name
International Journal Of Advancement In Social Science And Humanity
A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS STUDY OF PERSUASION IN THE LANGUAGE USED IN THE ELECTION CAMPAIGNS BY AMERICAN PARLIAMENTS
...Show More Authors

BN Rashid

View Publication
Publication Date
Mon Oct 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
measure the relationship between imported inflation and foreign trade in the Iraqi economy for long 1990-2015 using model nardl
...Show More Authors

The study aims to discuss the relation between imported inflation and international trade of Iraqi economy for the period (1990-2015) by using annual data. To achieve the study aim, statistical and Econometrics methods are used through NARDL model to explain non-linear relation because it’s a model assigned to measure non-linear relations and as we know most economic relations are non-linear, beside explaining positive and negative effects of imported inflation, and to reach the research aim deductive approach was adopted through using descriptive method to describe and determine phenomenon. Beside the inductive approach by g statistical and standard tools to get the standard model explains the

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Thu Feb 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Evaluation of Common Stocks Using The Fama-French Five Factor Model An Applied Study in The Iraq Stock Exchange
...Show More Authors

     The process of stocks evaluating considered as a one of challenges for the financial analysis, since the evaluating focuses on define the current value for the cash flows which the shareholders expected to have. Due to the importance of this subject, the current research aims to choose Fama & French five factors Model to evaluate the common stocks to define the Model accuracy in Fama& French for 2014. It has been used factors of volume, book value to market value, Profitability and investment, in addition to Beta coefficient which used in capital assets pricing Model as a scale for Fama & French five factors Model. The research sample included 11 banks listed in Iraq stock market which have me

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Sat Feb 01 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Effect of Job Burnout on Employee Performance: Field Research in the General Company for Vegetable Oil Industry
...Show More Authors

Abstract

      This research aims to know the effect of job burnout in the worker’s performance. The researcher presented a theoretical basis for job burnout and the worker's performance. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, a hypothesis was drawn up that determines the nature of the relationship between the independent variable of job burnout and its dimensions (reduced personal accomplishment, depersonalization, Emotional Exhaustion) and variable dependent performance of workers dimensions (productivity, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, creativity), And to represent the volume of this community according to (de Morgan, D. Morgan) glo

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Mon Aug 01 2016
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Evaluating health services in the private suites for governmental hospitals from the perspective of patients
...Show More Authors

ABSTRACT                                                                                            

The study aims to identify the level of health services provided in private suites to government hospitals from the perspective of the recipi

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Wed Dec 01 2010
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
حوالات الخزينة واستخداماتها في العراق
...Show More Authors

ABSTRACT

The Iraqi Government had used all Possible methods of financing the fiscal deficit according to the economic and Political Circumstances at the time. It had borrowed from abroad during the 1980s. Those methods of borrowing led to negative impacts on the Iraqi economy such as increased external dept burden, higher inflation rate, negative interest rate and accumulation of domestic debt.

The "Financial Management and Public Debt" law no 95/ 2004 made a great change in those methods of Financing fiscal deficit in Iraq. Before 2004, the deficit was financed by issuing Treasury Bills and selling them to the Central Bank of Iraq with a prefixed interest rate. Thus, i

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Tue Mar 30 2021
Journal Name
College Of Islamic Sciences
مخطوط كوكب الاشراق فيما يجب للواحد الخلاق محمد بن عبد الرحيم بن محمد السلموني المالكي المتوفى بعد : (1173هـ).
...Show More Authors

ملخص البحث باللغة العربية

   الحمد لله رب العالمين والصلاة والسلام على سيدنا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه وسلم. أما بعد: فهذا مخطوط منعوت بـ(كوكب الاشراق فيما يجب للواحد). لمحمد بن عبد الرحيم بن محمد السلموني المالكي : (1173هـ). وأصل المخطوط نسختان، وقد نسخت بخط واضح وعبارات دقيقة، ، وكان المحور الذي يدور عليه المخطوط هو مسألة التوحيد، وبيان ما يتعلق بالله تعالى وما يجوز ويستحيل في حقه تعالى، وتفصيل مسألة الص

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Mon Nov 01 2021
Journal Name
The Iraqi Journal Of Veterinary Medicine
RESISTANCE OF FOUR DIFFERENT LOCAL HYBRID CHICKENS TO INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE INFECTION
...Show More Authors

Four hundred, one day old chicks, of four hybrids, were divided into four

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Thu Feb 28 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Activated Bentonite for Removal Nickle and Vanadium from Petroleum Distillates
...Show More Authors

The present work is to investigate the feasibility of removal vanadium (V) and nickel (Ni) from Iraqi heavy gas oil using activated bentonite. Different operating parameters such as the degree of bentonite activation, activated bentonite loading, and operating time was investigated on the effect of heavy metal removal efficiency. Experimental results of adsorption test show that Langmuir isotherm predicts well the experimental data and the maximum bentonite uptake of vanadium was 30 mg/g. The bentonite activated with 50 wt% H2SO4 shows a (75%) removal for both Ni and V. Results indicated that within approximately 5 hrs, the vanadium removal efficiencies were 33, 45, and 60% at vanadium loadings of 1

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref (1)
Crossref