In this study, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used to analyze the plasma generated from a Zn:Cu alloy (x = 0.9) using a Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm. Plasma was generated at different laser pulse energies ranging from 400 to 800 mJ. The electron temperature (Te) was determined using the Boltzmann plot method, while the electron number density (ne) was calculated using Stark broadening. Other plasma parameters were also evaluated, including plasma frequency (fp), Debye length (λD), and Debye number (Nd). The results showed that Te increased from 0.846 eV at 400 mJ to 0.906 eV at 800 mJ, and ne increased from 1.000 × 10¹⁸ cm⁻³ to 1.121 × 10¹⁸ cm⁻³. Plasma frequency increased from 898.000 × 1010 Hz to 950,868 ×

A free convective heat transfer from the inside surface of a uniformly heated vertical circular tube has been experimentally investigated under a constant wall heat flux boundary condition for laminar air flow in the ranges of Ra_L from 6.910⁸ to 510⁹. The effect of the different sections (restrictions) lengths placed at the exit of the heated tube on the surface temperature distribution, the local and average heat transfer coefficients were examined. The experimental apparatus consists of aluminum circular tube with 900 mm length and 30 mm inside diameter (L/D=30). The exit sections (restrictions) were included circular tubes having the same inside diameter as the heated tube but with different lengths of

ملخـــص البحــــث

اختصر الامام ابن الحاجب كتاب الاحكام في اصول الاحكام للإمام الامدي بكتاب اوسمه بمنتهى السول وخالف به الامام ابن الحاجب الامام الامدي بمسائل كثيرة فجمعت ما خالفه به في الاجماع ليكون بحثا متواضعا عسى الله ان ينفع به

وقسمته الى مبحثين: المبحث الاول وفيه ثلاثة مطالب : المطلب الاول تناولت فيه (حياة الامام ابن الحاجب) والمطلب الثاني تناولت فيه (حياة الامام الامدي) والمطلب الثال

The heat transfer and flow resistance characteristics for air flow cross over circular finned tube heat exchanger has been studied numerically and experimentally. The purpose of the study was to improve the heat transfer characteristics of an annular finned-tube heat exchanger for better performance. The study has concentrated on the effect of the number of perforations and perforations shapes on the heat transfer and pressure drop across a staggered finned tube heat exchanger. The Numerical part of present study has been performed using ANSYS Fluent 14.5 using SST Turbulent model, while the experimental study consist from a test rig with different models of heat exchangers and all required measurement devices were build

Invasive bird species pose a significant threat to biodiversity and ecosystems worldwide. In Iraq, non-native avifaunal species are increasing, leading to various environmental challenges. This study aims to evaluate the risk of invasiveness and potential impacts of four non-native, extant bird species on Iraq's biodiversity under both current and predicted climate change conditions. Surveys were conducted in November 2023 and 2024 on four non-native bird species present in local animal markets throughout Iraq. The study sites included the provinces of Baghdad, Basra, and Erbil, which harbour commercial centres and the largest local animal markets in the country for trading non-native species. In this study, the target species for screen

    In this work, the spirurid nematode Hartertia gallinarum was reported in the intestine of the spotted sandgrouse, Pterocles senegallus, collected in three different locations: Ga'ara Depression, Iraqi Western Desert, Zurbatiyah and Al-Attariyah, Middle of Iraq. Description and measurements of the nematode were given. The role of termites in the infection of P. senegallus with H. gallinarum was discussed. Occurrence of H. gallinarum in P. senegallus represents a new host record.

The new pelecypod Sinanodonta lauta (Martens, 1877) (Bivalvia, Unionida, Unionidae), represented by specimens collected from seven sites on both banks of the Euphrates River (NW of Basrah Province), was recorded for the first time in southern Iraq. The following was the analysis to recognize the sediments at these sites and also of the different species shells in the area. It was found that the mud sediment was the most common compared to silt and sandy mud sediments. Two pelecypod species were recognized in the study region, Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834) and S. lauta (Martens, 1877), and one species of barnacles Amphibalanus subalbidus (Henry, 1973) (Maxillopoda, Sessilia, Balanidae). The presence of such species indicates that the a

Trickle irrigation is one of the most conservative irrigation techniques since it implies supplying water directly on the soil through emitters. Emitters dissipate energy of water at the end of the trickle irrigation system and provide water at emission points. The area wetted by an emitter depends upon the discharge of emitter, soil texture, initial soil water content, and soil permeability. The objectives of this research were to predict water distribution profiles through different soils for different conditions and quantify the distribution profiles in terms of main characteristics of soil and emitter. The wetting patterns were simulated at the end of each hour for a total time of application of 12 hrs, emitter disch

The determination of river pollution impact on the performance of water treatment plants is achieved by two main objectives. The first is to study raw and treated water qualities and comparing them with standards and the second is to evaluate the treatment plants efficiency. The analyzed data were those water quality parameters in relation to physical, chemical and bacteriological characteristics for river water and produced water by seven water treatment plants located on Tigris River passing through Baghdad City.
The results of this study indicated that all raw water characteristic are within the surface water standards established by Iraqi and USA criteria except Bacterial Counts.
Tigris River water is of good quality to be trea

This study was conducted in poultry farm in college of agricultural engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - animal production department. In this study 100 laying hens of local Iraqi chickens were used with age 67day old, were placed in individual cages, each cage was numbered from 1 to 100, for the period from 26/10/2021 till 24/7/2022 to detect the different genotypes of LEPR gene, determining the frequency and percentage of the relevant genotypes local Iraqi chickens, , Productive traits were measured from the sexual maturity in to 100 days for each chicken, the blood samples were collected from 100 laying hens at the 38 weeks of age from the brachial vein, the PCR reaction will done us

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of vermicompost extract and mineral fertilizer on growth, grain yield of barley and nutrients availability during the season 2021-2022, in clay loam soil using Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD). Vermicompost extract was added at three levels: without addition (VE₀), injected into the soil (VE₁) and applied as a foliar application (VE₂). Mineral fertilizer was added at (0, 50 and 100%) from the recommended level Symbolized (C₀, C₁ and C₂) sequentially. Results showed

Three field experiments were conducted in Al- Rashidiya region, Istiqlal district, north of Baghdad governate, to study the difference the irrigation interval under subsurface drip, sprinkler, and furrow irrigation systems in water requirement and yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) during the summer season 2021.Three field experiments were conducted, each including three irrigation systems, subsurface drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and furrow irrigation. It was implemented as a Factorial experiment within the design of Nested-Factorial Experiments Design. Where the second factor distributed three irrigation intervals on the main plot (2-day, 4 day and 6 day), then the three factors were divided into four repli

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of propolis [(crud propolis and Water Ethanol Extract Propolis (WEEP)] as feed additive on growth performance, hematology and survival rate in common carp, Cyprinus carpio challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. A total of 60 C. carpio, (average weight 75±10g) were randomly distributed into five treated groups as follows: control group (C) fish were fed basal diet without any addition of propolis; T1 fish were fed basal diet supplemented with 10g/kg crud propolis; T2, T3 and T4 fish were fed WEEP at concentrations of 2g, 4g and 8 g/kg diet respectively for 42 days. Results indicated that the best Final weight, specific g

This study was carried out in a private vineyard, located in Sulaymaniyah governorate, Kurdistan region-Iraq, during the growing season (2022) to investigate the effect of foliar applications of amino acids (0, 5, 10 mL.L^-1), benzyl adenine (0, 100, 200 mg.L^-1), and Nano-NPK fertilizer (0, 2, 4 g.L^-1) and their interactions on the activity of pollen grains and some chemical components. The results confirmed that 10 mg.L^-1 amino acid produced the highest pollen viability, pollen germination, leaf chlorophyll content, total carotene, and vitamin C, while it caused a significant decrease in total phenol compared to the control. Benzyl adenine, 200mg.L^-1 gave the highest signific

AI in teaching English is reshaping language learning. While interest in AI-supported education is growing worldwide, research in this area is still emerging in Iraq. This review synthesizes empirical AI-based intervention studies to enhance English language learning in Iraqi higher education, and the perceptions of stakeholders regarding AI tools in language instruction. The reviewed intervention studies, comprising studies employed different AI platforms to support grammar instruction, speaking fluency, writing feedback, and pragmatic competence. These interventions yielded improvements in learners’ performance, motivation, and communicative confidence. In parallel, perception-focused studies revealed positive attitudes toward A

Background: Candida tropicalis is one of the most causes of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) in women. Systemic candidiasis and candidemia may also occur in pregnancies. Objective: This study was carried out to detect and isolate of this yeast from aborted placenta, which may cause severe complications such as spontaneous abortion. Materials and methods: Fresh aborted placenta were collected and washed by normal saline to remove the blood. Then, cut it into portions and place it in test tube containing 5 ml of normal saline. Finally, shake for 10 minutes, after that, cultured for microbial isolation. Isolation and detection were done by some conventional methods with Api candida and CHROMagar. Results: The results showed that four iso

The problem of solid waste from domestic, industrial, commercial and medical sources is one of the most important problems facing the local administration in all Iraqi cities. The danger of this problem increases with the rapid increase in the population, changing lifestyles, consumption patterns, limited land suitable for landfill, and high costs of collection and disposal. This research aims to solve these problems by determining the locations of current landfills located in the outskirts of Baghdad Governorate. The ArcGIS program was used, where the sites of the landfills were determined on the map and through the available data about the areas. it was concluded that the existing landfill sites do not meet environmental conditions and

This research was aimed to study the most important economic variables affecting of the production capacity of poultry meat in Al-Ahsa governorate by estimating the parameters of the production functions, the quantitative and value costs of the broiler farms,. The economic analysis method used a sample of 33 meat projects in the eastern region, representing 35.9% of the total number of projects in the Eastern Region and 92 projects till 2017. was divided into three categories, the first capacity (less than 150 thousand chickens), consisting of 16 projects representing 48.5% of the total sample farms and the second capacity (150 thousand to 300 thousand chickens), consisting of 10 projects representing 30.3% And t

This study investigates the differences in psychological climate and group cohesion across different playing lines (defense, midfield, attack, and goalkeepers) among youth football players under 20 years of age in the Iraqi Premier League. Recognizing the critical role psychological factors play in athletic performance, the researchers aimed to determine how these variables vary based on players' field positions.

A descriptive comparative approach was employed, involving a purposive sample of 148 players (representing 75.51% of the research population). Two validated scales were used: the Psychological Climate Scale (Al-Hayali, 2011) and the Group Cohesion Scale (Alawi, 1984). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-w

    In this research, we have achieved the description of radionuclides that exist in the samples of Diyala river sediments as well as to measure the specific activities using gamma-ray spectroscopy. The eleven samples were collected among the length of Diyala River starting from Al- Rustumiya and finishing at the point where Diyala River meets Tigris which is in Baghdad.      Gamma-ray spectrometry system consists of high-purity germanium detector (HpGe) with 50% efficiency and resolution (2.2 keV) for the energy (1332 keV) was used for standard source 60Co.     Card spectrum analyzer connected to the PC type Pentium 4 was used to view the spectrum. And  rates of the speci

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary zeolite on ammonia toxicity and in some of blood parameters in Cyprinus carpio. Fish were fed   either a control diets (0% zeolite) or control diet supplemented with 2, 4 and 6% (T1, T2 and T3) respectively for 28 days. Results showed that the mean value of ammonia concentrations ranged between 0.10 mg/l in T1 and T3 in the first week to 1.85 mg/l in control in fourth week, which could be noticed a gradually increased in the values of ammonia in the end of the experiment. Results showed that the amm

This study was aimed to synthesis Ag₂O nanoparticles (N.P.s) utilizing the Ginger plant (Zingiber officinale) extract. As catalysts for pyran derivatives formation employing a three-component coupling reaction among aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, malononitrile, and dimedone. The nanoparticles exhibit robust catalytic activity with high productivity. Results revealed that Ag₂O NPs improved various vital features, like higher yields, reaction time, simple chemical separation, catalytic economic efficiency, and quick process. This study aimed to cyclize heterocyclic compounds to provide new hetero compounds applying nano-oxides obtained from natural (unmanufactured) sources and used

The chili pepper plant Capsicum annuum L. is used in processed foods and pharmaceuticals given the importance of Capsaicin; it has been produced through cell cultures of chili pepper obtained from a media known as  Murashige and Skoog (MS), which is supplied by the best concentration1.5 and 0.3 mg/L of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin (kin.), respectively, gave highest fresh and dry weights of callus, reaching (368.06,29.40) mg respectively which was significantly different from other treatments. When determining the alkaloid compound capsaicin by HPLC, Its amount in the callus was found to be 3.8 μg/g after being treated with a nano dose of 0 mg/L. an increase of 1.5 fold over the quantity in the

This study was aimed to evaluation the yield stability of twenty bread wheat genotypes that cultivated at two locations (fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences of Duhok and Zenawa district) during the 2019 - 2020 with two planting dates in each location using randomized complete block design with three replications. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed that the mean square for each of the environments, genotypes and their interactions were highly significant for all studied traits, and the variations due to the environments were greater than those of each of the genotypes and the interactions for most of the studied traits. The values ​​of broad sense he

اشتملت البحث على خمسة أبواب ، حيث قام الباحثان في الباب الاول من التطرق لأهمية البحث ، وعرض المشكلة ، وتثبيت الأهداف وذكر المجالات للبحث ، أما الباب الثاني فقد اشتمل على الدراسات النظرية وبما يخص الموضوع ، وفي الباب الثالث تطرق الباحثان إلى منهجية البحث وأجراءاته الميدانية ، حيث ذكرا منهج البحث وهو المنهج الوصفي – دراسة العلاقات الارتباطية ، ثم عرضا عينة البحث وتفاصيلها وطريقة اختيارها ، ثم ذكرا الأجهزة وا

Using modern technology is one of the most important means that affect the productivity of wheat, the achievement of profits, the increase of agricultural production, and the progress towards self-sufficiency and food serenity. Therefore, the research aims to study the effects of the use of modern technological packages on the profits efficiency of wheat farms in Iraq for the season 2016-2017 in the provinces of  (Wasit, Babylon and Diwaniyah (, through estimation a stochastic profit frontier  function and inefficiency function. The results showed that the values of the parameters were significant and positive for the durum income and were significant and negative for the parameters of the production costs (mechanizatio

            Liquid – liquid equilibria data were measured at 293.15 K for the pseudo ternary system (sulfolane + alkanol) + octane + toluene. It is observed that the selectivity of pure sulfolane increases with cosolvent methanol but decreases with increasing the chain length of hydrocarbon in 1-alkanol. The nonrandom two liquid (NRTL) model, UNIQUAC model and UNIFAC model were used to correlate the experimental data and to predict the phase composition of the systems studied. The calculation based on NRTL model gave a good representation of the experimental tie-line data for all systems studied. The agreement between the correlated and the experimental results was very good

Adsorption studies were performed at different initial Tetracycline (TC) and Amoxicillin (AMO) concentration, different biomass dosage and type, contact time, agitation speed, and initial pH.  In the batch mode were investigated. The optimum pH of solutions is 6.5 for TC and 5 for AMO, agitation speed 200 rpm and concentration 50 ppm. The results in FTIR showed that there were -OH and amides (N-H) and other functional groups on the surface of Cladophora and Spirulina algae. The equilibrium isotherm data were modeled with Freundlich, Temkin, and Langmuir isotherm models. The data best fitted with the Langmuir

     This research introduced the derivation of mathematical equations to calculate the Cartesian and geographical coordinates of a site situated at a far distance from the observer position by using GPS data. The geographical coordinates (Ï•obs., λ obs., hobs.) for observer position were transformed to Cartesian coordinates (X obs., Y obs., Z obs.) of observer position itself. Then the Cartesian coordinates of unknown position mathematically were calculated from these calculated equations, and its transformed to geographical coordinates of (Ï•unk., λunk.) position.
 

    The experiment was conducted in the glass house in a  nursery at the growth season 2013.The experiment was designed by  the Completely Randomized Blocks Design(CRBD).The seeds of two varieties of eggplant were studied.They were : 1.Lot (Number)Melaneana  an American species,2.Aydinsiyah a Turkish species.We used three periods of water stress(1,8 ,16)days  respectively, and three concentrations of proline acid (0,50,100) ppm using three frequents for each treatment.The experiment contained 54 experimental unit.The seeds were planted on the 30th/8/2013 in the glass house of the nursery, a month later, we put the plantelet in pots with good  fertilized soil in the glass house.Some growth features were