الخلفية: التخدير الموضعي هو إجراء شائع لدى المرضى البالغين الذين يخضعون لجراحة العيون ولكن لا يمكن القيام به بمفرده في الفئة العمرية للأطفال. ويرافق التخدير العام مضاعفات أثناء الجراحة وبعد العملية الجراحية.

الهدف: تحديد ما إذا كان استخدام التخدير الموضعي مع التخدير العام في إجراءات عيون الأطفال يحسن نتائج المرضى أم لا.

الطريقة: تم شمول أربعين طفلاً تتراوح أعمارهم بين ستة

Background: The aim was to ascertain the current practice of adjuvant therapy for tonsillectomy and to determine whether it is evidence based.
Methods: A questionnaire answers were obtained from sixty otolaryngologists in Baghdad.
Results: There was no any enthusiasm for routine intra-operative local anaesthesia. Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) is prescribed by nearly all surgeons for postoperative analgesia,
and the current literature supports its efficacy and safety. Further, some practitioners combine paracetamol with NSAIDs, and/or Tramadol-Opioids. Evidence to support the additional use of these agents is, however non existent or limited. For the use of antibiotics, we found some of the otolaryngologist

الخلفية: يعد الإكتئاب من الحالات المزاجية الأكثر شيوعًا بين كبار السن والذي يتم ربطه بعواقب وخيمة مثل صعوبة التركيز واضطرابات المزاج، يليه قلة الإهتمام بالأنشطة الإجتماعية واللامبالاة والتشاؤم وتغيرات في الشهية والنوم.

الهدف من الدراسة: لتحديد مدى انتشار الإكتئاب والعوامل المصاحبة له بين كبار السن ممن أعمارهم 60 عاما فأكثر.

المنهجية: دراسة وصفية تحليلية مستعرض

Background: Idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) is an isolated thrombocytopenia in a patient with no clinically apparent associated conditions or factors that can
cause thrombocytopenia. The syndrome of ITP is caused by platelet-specific auto-antibodies that bind to autologous platelets. The diagnosis of ITP is usually a diagnosis of exclusion based on a demonstration of peripheral thrombocytopenia. Steroids are the conventional first-line therapy for adult ITP. Most patients demonstrate a response to steroids within 2 to 4 weeks, but a late response is possible.
Patients and Methods: A prospective study on 50 patients with diagnosis consistent with ITP, initially treated by steroid, p

Background: Seizures in the neonatal period are common. They can present as focal clonic, focal tonic, myoclonic, generalized tonic and subtle seizures. They can be caused by a variety of
conditions, ranging from benign self-limited illnesses to severe life-threatening disorders.
Patients and methods: A prospective study included 75 neonates with seizures in the first 28 days of life were admitted to neonatal care unit in Children Welfare Teaching Hospital from January 15th 2009 to August 15th 2009. A Full history was obtained and patients were examined by a specialist in the neonatal care unit and the researcher. Laboratory investigations and neuroimaging studies were done for all patients.
Results: Out

المقدمة: ارتفاع ضغط الشريان الرئوي (PH) هو ديناميكية دموية وحاله فسلجيه مرضية تعرف بأنها زيادة في متوسط الضغط الشرياني الرئوي (PAP) اكثر او يساوي 25 ملم زئبقي  حسب تقييم قسطرة القلب . على الرغم من أن هناك بعض قلة التقدير والمبالغة في التقدير لضغط الشريان الرئوي بين دوبلر صدى القلب وقسطرة القلب، ما زال دوبلر صدى القلب اداة فحص لا غنى عنها لتقييم ارتفاع ضغط الشريان الرئوي .

Background: Acute renal failure (ARF) in children is a catastrophic, life -threatening event
Aim of the study: the aim of the present study is to find out the etiology and outcome of patients with acute renal failure below two years of age admitted to the hospital.
Patients and methods: A prospective study was carried out on children below 2 years of age (with exclusion of neonatal period) presented with acute renal shut down
admitted to Children Welfare Teaching Hospital during the period from Jan. 1st, 2007tojan30th,2008.
Results: the study group included 100 patients with acute renal failure, 69 males and 31 females with M/F ratio 2.2:1.Age range was between (2 months - 2 years).
Prerenal ARF wa

Background: - Carcinoma of the lung has became the most common type of cancer since 1985 & the most common cause of cancer death in both males & females.
Aim of study: - To assess the diagnostic accuracy of bronchial wash cytology & application of immunocytochemical methods, using two tumor markers (low molecular weight cytokeratin & epithelial membrane antigen) for more accurate & precise diagnosis of lung tumors.
Patients, materials and methods: - Fifty fifes suspected lung cancer cases according to their clinicoradiological examinations were included in this study.
Bronchial wash cytology was performed for all the 55 patients. Smears were stained by conventional cytological stain i

Background: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare chronic liver disease of known etiology, characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia, characteristic auto antibodies, and a favorable response to immunosuppressive treatment.Strong circumstantial evidences denoted that there is quite long list of environmental factors such as (food additives and drugs), viruses and toxins which play an important role in precipitating this disease.<br />Patients and Methods: the study was performed on 13 Iraqi patients with acute viral hepatitis, attending the Teaching Hospital for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease and Al-Khadymia Teaching Hospital in the period between November 2003 and July 2005. ANA, SMA and anti-LKM 1 were detected by immunoflurescen

Background: Asthma is an inflammatory airway disease; this inflammatory response can be attributed to reduced lymphocyte apoptosis in peripheral blood and in airway tissues.
The mechanism behind this could be attributed to decreased Bcl2 protein and increase Bax protein in peripheral blood lymphocytes of asthmatic patients.
Aim: to explore the mechanism behind decreased lymphocyte apoptosis in peripheral blood of asthmatic patients at cellular level.
Method: Ninety four subjects; (44) control and (50) patients were included in this study during the period from (2003) to (2004). The aspirated lymphocytes for each individual
were prepared and stained by immunocytochemistry to study the percentage of antiapop

الخلاصة

الخلفية: الجرب هو غزو جلدي من قبل سوس Sarcoptes scabiei. ينتقل الجرب من خلال الاتصال الشخصي الوثيق. الأماكن مثل المستشفيات والسجون ومراكز رعاية الأطفال معرضة بشكل أكبر لخطر تفشي المرض. قد يصاب كل من الذكور والإناث بالجرب في أي فئة عمرية. ينتشر في بلدان المناخ المداري وبين الفقراء الذين يعيشون في المناطق الريفية وبين المرضى النازحين. يرتفع بشكل كبير بين الوضع الاقتصادي المنخفض لأن الأمر

Background: Non-traumatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) results from rupture of blood vessels in the brain. ICH categories can also be considered as being either lobar in location or within the deep white matter. Although hypertension is a major risk factor for ICH in general[11], it is commonly considered to be associated more with patients having deep than with those having lobar haemorrhage.
Objectives: We investigate the relationship between hypertension and deep versus lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).
Methods: a retrospective review of records of 163 patients aged 18-89 years admitted to Al-Kadhimiya Teaching Hospital (January 2008 - October 2010) and diagnosed with ICH.
Results: There was no significant relationship

المقدمة:  تعد أورام الخلايا النجمية أكثر أورام الجهازالعصبي المركزي شيوعا", الذي يكون فيه نوع الخلية السائد مشتق من الخلية النجمية. إن كل من (Ki-67  و P53) بروتينات خلوية لها دورا" في القابلية الامراضية وتطور درجة خبث أورام الخلايا النجمية. يعد تصنيف منظمة الصحة العالمية للسنوات (١٩٧٩ ١٩٩٣٬ ٢٠٠٠٬و٢٠٠٧)هو التصنيف الاوسع أستعمالا"لاورام الخلايا النجمية ويقسم هذه الاورام الى اربعة درجات.

الخلفية: الاعتلال الكلوي السكري يمثل السبب الاكثر شيوعا للمرحلة النهائية لامراض الكلى في العالم. هذا النوع من مضاعفات مرض السكري ينتج من التداخل ما بين العوامل الايضية والدم-حركية ومع ذلك هناك قرائن اخرى تدل على دور رئيسي للالتهابات في امراضية الاعتلال الكلوي السكري.

هدف الدراسة: تحديد دور نوعين من السايتوكينات (انترلوكين-18 وعامل التنكرز السرطاني الفا) في نش

Background: Diabetes mellitus is significantly related to cardiovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis. Antioxidants are essential in the prevention of atherosclerosis by a variety of mechanisms, which encompass the suppression of free radical production, inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation, and prevention of atherosclerotic plaque formation.

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the levels of total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde as oxidative stress indicators in Iraqi type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and investigate their relationship with atherosclerotic risk factors.

Methods: This case-control study took place between October 2023 to Ja

Background: Childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is one of the most common conditions pediatric nephrologists encounter globally. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria, hyperlipidemia, and edema. The degree and duration of proteinuria have an impact on serum electrolyte levels. However, local data is limited.

Objectives: To assess and compare the degree of electrolyte imbalance and its relationship to kidney function indicators during relapse and remission in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.

Methods: In this case-control study, blood samples were collected from 80 Iraqi children with an age range of (2-14) years. They were divided into three grou

Background: genital herpes simplex virus infection in pregnancy poses a major risk to the fetus and it has been associated with bad obstetric out come causing preterm labor, intrauterine growth retardation and spontaneous abortion. This study was conducted to determine if premature rupture of membranes before 37 weeks of gestational age are observed with subclinical shedding of herpes simplex virus (HSV).
Patients and methods: Cervical swabs were taken from 75 women with a history of preterm premature rupture of membranes before 37 weeks of gestation, and 20 women with normal
obstetrical history for the presence of HSV antigen using Enzyme linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) method.
Results: HSV ant

Background: Thrombocytopenia is the second most common hematological abnormality in pregnancy following anemia. However, its incidence causes and outcomes received scarce attention, particularly in developing countries like Iraq.
Objective: This study was conducted to determine the incidence, causes and consequences of thrombocytopenia on both the mother and fetus.
Material and Methods: Platelet counts were performed on 600 pregnant women in their third trimester and on 200 age matched non pregnant healthy women, as well as 150 of the newborns of the former groups.
Results: The overall incidence of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy was 8.6%, with the gestational thrombocytopenia implicated in 76.9%,. Hy

Background: Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); its extragastrointestinal manifestations vary from one country to another. This study identifies the prevalence of the extragastrointestinal manifestations in a sample of Iraqi patients with ulcerative colitis and their relation to disease activity.
Patients and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted on 100 patients with established diagnosis of ulcerative colitis, who attended Baghdad Teaching hospital and Gastroenterology center in Baghdad during the period from May 2009 to January 2010. A direct interview and thorough clinical examination were done to determine the history of the disease, its severity and the presence or

Background: stress test (EST) is one of the main diagnostic and prognostic tests for ischemic heart disease. However, its usefulness depends on achieving target heart rate, then chronotropic incompetence and poor exercise capacity limits its utility. We evaluated the usefulness of atropine administration during the EST to decrease the number of tests with inconclusive results in these patients.
Patients &Methods: We carried out this study in Ibn AI-Bitar Teaching Hospital from September 2007 to December 2008 and comprised of 210 patients undergoing EST. In subjects experiencing fatigue when they achieved 50-75% of target heart rate (THR), or those who failed to achieve their THR, atropine was adm

Background: Prognostic histological evaluation of many cancers have recently concentrated on angiogenesis.
Materials &Methods: A total of twenty formaline-fixed, paraffin embedded blocks of renal cell carcinoma were included in this study. Sections were subjected for immunohistochemical staining of CD34. The median of the MVD of all cases of RCC were obtained to divide the cases into high- and low-MVD score groups and were correlated with the tumor stage and grade.
Results: there was a significant correlation of the high MVD score with tumor stage (P=0.02).
Conclusion: MVD may be considered as a potential prognostic marker for RCC.

Background: there are different procedures for the diagnosis of females suspected with toxoplasmosis. However, time, cost, and accuracy of the test should meet patient’s needs.
Material and methods: one hundred and eleven female with suspected toxoplasmosis were under go three different procedures for the diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Latex agglutination test, rapid chromatographic (immunoblot) and ELISA test were done for all patients. The results were described as frequency and percentage of positivity; also, specificity and sensitivity of immunoblot were assessed according to the result of other tests.
Results: The Latex test has shown 80% and 61.54% sensitivity and specificity respectively

Background: Growth hormone is a hormone responsible for the normal body growth and development by stimulation protein production in muscle cells and
energy release for breakdown of fat. On the other hand leptin is a newly discovered hormone that is mainly synthesized in adipose tissues it decreases food intake by
causing satiety and promoting energy combustion . Both aging and obesity are associated with a reduction in growth hormone secretion. In the mean time obese
humans have increased circulating leptin.
Objective: The aim of this paper is to shed light on the contribution of these two hormones in the mechanism of aging process in an attempt of improving this
process for a better life at old ages.&n

Background: Ulcerative colitis is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory disorder that affects the rectum & extends proximally to affect variable extent of the colon. Autoimmune hemolytic
anemia had reported in few cases.
Objective: to determine the prevalence of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in Ulcerative colitis.
Patient & Methods: Fifty Iraqi patients having Ulcerative colitis attending the GIT Center in Baghdad during the period from March to August 2004 were interviewed, examined and
diagnosed according to pathological study done for colonic biopsies by the same centre. Blood was drown for the assessment of complete picture with blood film, reticulocyte
percent, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Coo

المقدمة: التهاب القولون التقرحي :هو التهاب مزمن غالبا ما يصيب منطقة المستقيم ينتج عنة تقرحات في منطقة المستقيم من الممكن ان تمتد لتشمل المناطق المتبقية من الأمعاء الغليظة بطريقة متواصلة  ويتميز بفترات من الشفاءاو تفاقم في الالتهاب .

وجد ان E.histolyticaاحد المسببات عند المرضى المصابين بالتهابات القولون التقرحية .ان التهاب الأمعاء الأميبي هو التهاب مزمن يصيب الأمعاء مصاح

Background:
There is a need to find methods to assess the size of the extracellular fluid (ECF) volume without involving radioactive tracers. For this purpose, the simple delusion method was used
to measure the ECF in rabbits and the inulin which is a polysaccharide was used as a marker of ECF measurement.
Methods:
18 male rabbits were used in this study. 8 of these animals were bilaterally nephroctomized to calculate the exact time to get diffusion equilibrium time after a bolus dose of inulin at a
dose of 25mg/kg of a solution of inulin 10 mg/ml. intravenously. The blood samples were taken after 1, 15, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min.
Results:
ECF volume was about 144.5 to 149.7 ml/kg depending on the i

Background: Several factors render chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) an interesting subject for study by researchers. These include marked progress in understanding the molecular biology of normal and neoplastic lymphocytes and recent advances in molecular genetics techniques. Among molecular markers, p53 cancer suppressor gene and the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2 have been widely studied. 
Patients and methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study done on 60 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia compared with 20 controls (anemic patients), all recruited at the Medical City Teaching Hospital laboratories from January 2004 to December 2007. The bone marrow biopsy of each was re-examined histologica

الخلفية العلمية: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans هو أحد أكثر مسببات أمراض اللثة شيوعًا وله تأثير مباشر على اللثة. يعتبر مرض السكري والتهاب دواعم السن من الأمراض المزمنة التي لها علاقة ثنائية الاتجاه بينهما. وقد أظهرت الأدلة أن الجسيم الملتهب NLRP3 مهم لكلا المرضين.

هدف الدراسة: تم إجراء هذا البحث لاكتشاف العلاقة بين الحمل البكتيري للبكتيريا Aggregatibacter Actino-myctecomtans ومستوى المصل من التهاب اللثة

Background: The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence and the risk factors of asymptomatic pyuria in diabetic female patients.
Methods: The study included 100 diabetic female patients and 100 non diabetic females attending the outpatient in the period from Sep.2001 to Sep.2002.Patients with symptoms of
urinary tract infection were excluded. Asymptomatic pyuria was defined as the presence of more than 10 leukocytes\high power field in an uncentrifuged random urine sample.
Results: Diabetic women more often had asymptomatic pyuria than non diabetic women. The prevalence of asymptomatic pyuria was significantly higher in patients with duration of diabetes exceeding 15 years than those below. Di

الخلفية: قصور القلب هو متلازمة إكلينيكية معقدة تنتج عن أي مرض قلبي وظيفي أو هيكلي يقلل من قدرة البطين على تعبئة الدم أو ضخه. فقر الدم شائع لدى مرضى قصور القلب ويرتبط بالتدهور من خلال تنشيط المسارات الهرمونية العصبية. عقار داباكليفلوزين  هو مثبط انتقائي وقابل للانعكاس للناقل المشترك للصوديوم الجلوكوز 2 (SGLT2). يزيد داباجليفلوزين من مستوى الهيموجلوبين من خلال آليات مختلفة مثل زيادة تركيز البلازما عن طر