The present study aims to facilitate the development of new agents with better properties specifically, we focus on modifying the basic structure of quinolones; by introducing new functionality at its C3 position. For this purpose, a series of new conjugation derivatives (IIa-Vb) were designed and synthesized by esterification of quinolones (ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, nalidixic acid and norfloxacin) with two types of antioxidants (a: menthol and b: umbelliferone) at their carboxylic group at the C3 position which was replaced by an ester group through a glycol linker. The synthesized compounds were checked and characterized for their purity and chemical structure by spectral techniques (NMR, ATR-FTIR) also they were examined for their

Curcumin (CUR), an active constituent of turmeric which is capable of forming complexes with metal ions. Even though CUR metallocomplexes displayed better biological activities compared to the free CUR, their application in medicine is limited by their poor aqueous solubility. This research aimed to develop self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDSs) to improve the solubility and the antioxidative activity of CUR metallocomplexes. Mononuclear (1:1) CUR metallocomplexes (CUR-Cu, CUR-Mg and CUR-Fe) were synthesised with Cu²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Fe³⁺ salts. The CUR and CUR metallocomplexes were loaded into the microemulsions (MEs) which contains palm oil, Tween 80 and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 at the rat

Amaranthus viridis (green amaranth), is naturally grown in Iraq belongs to the Amaranthaceae family, and is considered pseudocereal. This herb displays various classes of secondary metabolites including polyphenols, and phytosterols, in addition to other types of terpenes and fatty derivatives.  Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, and hepatoprotective are among the evaluated and proven clinical activities. Recently herbal remedies have emerged as a noteworthy new therapeutic option for several cancers. The most common cause of cancer mortality in Iraq is lung cancer.  Few previous studies stated the invitro anticancer effect of this herb on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell and against HepG2, B16F10 mela

Spanlastics are nanovascular drug delivery systems that use surfactants, including hydrophilic and hydrophobic medicines . Spanlastics enhance the ability of medicines to enter the body and provide a continuous release over extended periods . These vesicles possess a high degree of elasticity and flexibility , enabling to improve the transportation of medications through different methods of administrations . Box-behnken design was utilized to establish a relationship between the formulation parameters, specifically the amount of Span 60 , cremophor EL 40 and sonication time and important quality attributes , namely particle size , polydispersity index (PDI) and entrapment efficiency (EE%) . The spanlastic formulations were developed usi

          A series of conformationally constrained new Propionic acid derivatives were subjected to a synergistic integration of docking and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) techniques to optimize non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs). Examining the particular conditions for COX-2 inhibition selectivity among these congeners as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors was the aim of the study. The combination of these methodologies accelerates the identification and optimization of lead compounds, facilitating efficient prediction and screening of compound libraries. This integrated approach not only expedites drug discovery but also provides a rational foundation for the design

Endotoxic septic shock (ESS) is a serious clinical syndrome caused by gram-negative bacterial infections. ESS refers to infected patients with high bloodstream endotoxin levels and activity and a high rate of cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic, and renal failure. The endotoxin in the bacterial cell wall can evoke neutrophil monocytes and secrete inflammatory mediators like cytokines, nitric oxide, histamine, and bradykinin, causing local and systemic inflammation, severe vasodilation, endothelial dysfunction, increased capillary permeability, vascular fluid extravasation, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Mice were utilized as experimental animals for research by inducing endotoxemia or a septic-like condition that closely simu

One of the main obstacles to early pregnancy and assisted reproduction is embryo implantation failure. Endometrial receptivity and the interactions between the embryo and the mother determine implantation. The control of implantation involves several molecules. One such molecule is microRNA (miRNA), which is known to have a role in embryo implantation as a transcriptional regulator of gene expression. The current study evaluates the Expression level of miR-210 and miR-1226 with mucin-16 in infertile females under the IVF program and its influence on embryo implantation by measuring the fold change. This study included 26 successful implantations and 58 failed implantations under an in vitro fertilization program and 44 fertile females as

Flurbiprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) primarily indicated for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. However, like all other NSAIDs, it is associated with gastrointestinal discomfort. Also, multiple dosing is required due to its short half-life which results in decreasing patient compliance and adherence when the drug is given orally. Delivering flurbiprofen systemically through other routes is quite an appealing approach to overcome its distressing adverse effects and reduce its dosing frequency. Flurbiprofen was formulated to be carried in a terpene-enriched ultra-deformable liposomal system called “terpesome” utilizing the thin film hydration technique.

A new series of compounds were derived from 2-(2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)propanoic acid by reacting flurbiprofen ethyl ester with hydrazine hydrate to get flurbiprofen hydrazid(III) which then reacted with three different sulfonyl chloride compounds (Benzenesulfonyl Chloride, 4-toleunesulfonyl Chloride, 4-chlorosulfonyl Chloride) in the existence of triethylamine. Additionally, compound (III) and carbon disulfide were reacted to yield oxadiazole 2-thione (compound V), which was subsequently reacted with 4-chlorophenacyl bromide and 4-bromophenacyl bromide to yield the final products (Va & Vb). For characterization of the final compounds, FT-IR and ¹H-N

Many patients with chronic kidney (CKD) disease experience uremic pruritus (UP), which lowers quality of life. The intensity of UP varies and can cause anything from occasional pain to total restlessness during the day or night. this trial aimed to compare the efficacy of pregabalin and montelukast in uremic pruritus among CKD undergoing hemodialysis. For four weeks, this was a randomize prospective- intervention trial. patients with end-stage renal disease, between the ages of 30 and 75, been on hemodialysis at least one year and persistently severe pruritus had been included. Patients were split into Group P (n=25) receiving 50 mg of pregabalin and Group M (n=25) receiving 10 mg of montelukast. Every week, the effectiveness of the medi

Medication non-adherence is a significant challenge in chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), particularly among elderly patients, leading to increased healthcare costs and adverse outcomes. This study aimed to assess the impact of pharmacist-led counselling and short message service (SMS) reminders on medication adherence and clinical outcomes in newly diagnosed elderly patients with T2DM. A 12-month prospective, open-label, randomized controlled study was conducted at an outpatient diabetic clinic, with 340 participants randomly assigned to either the Diaβcare or usual care groups. The Diaβcare group received pharmacist counselling sessions and SMS reminders, while the usual care group received standard care. Medic

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), one of the most common metabolic diseases, is caused by a mix of insulin-sensitive tissues' inadequate response to insulin and pancreatic β-cells' impaired insulin secretion. Adipsin is involved in preserving the homeostasis of adipose tissues and enhancing insulin secretion in response to glucose. Adipose tissue secretes adipokines, which are cell-signaling proteins that have been connected to various pathologies as well as a low-grade state of inflammation. Although the regulation of energy homeostasis is a well-established function of the obesity hormone leptin, there is increasing evidence that leptin is also essential for glycaemic control. The hormone leptin is a 167-residue peptide produced by the

Ivermectin (IVR) is widely used for the treatment of onchocerciasis and other nematode infections .Recent studies have reported that IVR has an anti-inflammatory effect and is used in the treatment of allergic asthma, dermatitis, and arthritis. Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease in which IL-17 and VEGF play an important role as pro-inflammatory and angiogenic mediators.To evaluate the therapeutic effect of IVR in psoriasis, we used an imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis model in rats. Twenty-four male wister-albino rats, age 3-4 monthe and weighing 170-200 g were used in this experiment. They were assigned at random into four groups, each group include 6 animals. Rats in each group (except normal control gro

The first study reported for nasal brain drug delivery was in 1937. The uptake of nasal - brain drug delivery, has received a great deal of attention as a convenient, method for the systemic administration of drugs. Which are low less effective orally, and, only effective if administered by injection. Many well-known different pathways and routes for drug absorption via the nose are affected by various factors. Some of them are factors related to the natural physiology of the nose and mucociliary clearance, enzyme, blood flow in the nasal cavity, and diseases. The bio-fate of drugs instilled in nasal cavity, is mainly affected by the pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties of the drugs Pharmaceutical nanoparticulate carriers, also

Simvastatin (SIM), is an inactive lactone, anti-hyperlipidemic drug. The drug belongs to the class II group according to the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) with low bioavailability due to its low solubility. Adsorption technique is an effective technique for improving the solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs by using the mesoporous silica. The present study aims to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of SIM using such technique. Soluplus® and poloxamer 407 were used as surfactants besides magnesium aluminum silicate (MAS) as adsorbent. All the MAS loading SIM formulations were prepared by the solvent evaporation method in different drug: adsorbent: surfactant weight ratios, then evaluated for th

Breast cancer is the leading cause of death and is the most frequent disease among women. Tamoxifen is an antiestrogen used to treat breast cancer. It may completely halt the disease's progression in high-risk individuals and lower the risk of death and recurrence in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Variations in tamoxifen responsiveness between individuals may be attributed to polymorphisms in the primary metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4. The wild genotype (GG) of rs35599367 was found to be most common in 100 female breast cancer patients who were hormone receptor positive and taking tamoxifen, according to the study. This genetic variation may have a significant impact, as the GG genotype is strongly linked to significantly lower leve

Diabetic nephropathy represents one of the common and serious complications of diabetes mellitus and it’s a leading cause of renal failure. Liquiritin is one of the main flavonoids found in Glycyrrhiza glabra that has been shown to have several pharmacological effects, such as the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, cardiovascular protection, hepatoprotection, and attenuation of rheumatoid arthritis in experimental animals. The present study investigated the protective effect of liquiritin against diabetic nephropathy in high fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes mellitus in male rats.

In the present study, the type 2 diabetes model was induced by feeding the animals with the high fat diet for four weeks, af

Carnosine have several important biological activities, as implicated by its effects on several diseases such cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer and can play important role in improving the functional capability during ischemic circumstances. Carnosine levels in diabetes patients may be affected by genetic variants in the carnosinase-2 gene, which may also be linked to development of cardiovascular problems. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the Carnosinase-2 gene polymorphism SNP (rs 6566810) on serum levels of carnosine and carnosinase-2 and their relationship to CVD in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients with and without CVD compared to healthy controls

Physical measurements are one of the basic factors that affect the performance of the goalkeeper, especially when confronting fixed kicks that require special skills such as the reaction and accuracy in concentration, and with technological development artificial intelligence has become an effective tool for analyzing mathematical data that is difficult to discover in traditional methods The study aims to employ techniques Artificial intelligence to study the relationship between physical measurements and the accuracy of confronting the fixed kicks of goalkeepers in football. This study will contribute to providing a deeper understanding of physical factors that affect the performance of goalkeepers, in addition to designing dedicat

The importance of the study lies in highlighting the role of smartwatches as a modern tool for analyzing training load based on functional indicators, such as heart rate and calorie consumption. This allows coaches to monitor individual players’ responses during different training periods, helping to improve physical performance efficiency and reduce the risk of overload-induced fatigue. The study aimed to analyze calorie consumption at different heart rate levels between the special preparation and competition periods for youth football players, with the goal of determining the effect of physiological adaptation on energy efficiency. To achieve this objective, the researcher adopted the descriptive method due to its suitability f

A novel series of liquid crystalline compounds containing 2,4-thiazolidinedione units with varying terminal alkyl chain lengths was successfully synthesized and characterized. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, and mass spectrometry. The mesomorphic behavior was investigated using polarized optical microscopy (POM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Compounds [V]₄, [V]₅, and [V]₆ exhibited enantiotropic nematic phases, while compound [V]₈ displayed a smectic A (SmA) phase. No liquid crystalline behavior was observed for compound [V]₃. The liquid crystalline properties were found to depend on the terminal-to-lateral chain length ratio, molecular geometry, and the nature

Nanomaterials, including nanoparticles such as iron oxide nanoparticles, have received great attention from researchers due to their unique properties and applications. There are several diverse methods, including chemical, physical, and green biological methods, to prepare iron oxide nanoparticles. The green method was chosen because it is safer, purer, and less toxic compared to other methods. Therefore, the green method is a promising and environmentally friendly method in the near future. The aqueous extract of Iraqi orange leaves was used to prepare nano iron oxide, it was examined structurally and spectrally by several techniques (X-ray diffraction- XRD, Fourier transform infrared - FT-IR, field emission scanning electron micr