Background: Hemophilia B is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by mutations in the F9 gene, causing bleeding tendency predominantly in males. The mutational spectrum of the F9 gene has not been adequately studied in Iraq.

Objectives: To detect the disease-causing variants of exons 6, 7, and 8 and immediate introns of F9 gene using Sanger sequencing among Iraqi hemophilia B patients and to correlate them with phenotypes.

Methods: Forty Iraqi hemophilia B patients were recruited for this cross-sectional study from The Hereditary Bleeding Disorder Ward in the Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, Medical City, Baghdad, between November 2021 and Apri

Background: Allergies, as prevalent conditions, significantly impact individuals' health and quality of life. The criticality of accurate diagnosis cannot be overstated, as it is the cornerstone for effective management and treatment, underscoring the gravity of the medical professionals’ work.

Objectives: This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of laboratory markers used to diagnose different types of allergies, including food, respiratory, skin, and drug allergies.

Methods: The review analyzed and synthesized data from current literature on essential diagnostic tools such as skin prick tests, specific IgE blood tests, and component-resolved diagnostics. S

Background: Multidrug resistance bacteria is rapidly spreading globally and has created an urgent need for alternative antimicrobial strategies to combat these bacteria. Green nanotechnology is an eco-friendly way of synthesizing Bioactive Nanoparticles with enhanced antimicrobial activities compared to conventional methods.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to "green" synthesize magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) from an alcohol extract of Camellia sinensis (tea plant) and evaluate their antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against clinical multidrug resistance bacterial isolates.
Methods: Magnesium Oxide nanoparticles were synthesized utilizi

Background: As the number of caesarean deliveries has escalated over the last 50 years, Placenta Accreta Spectrum is now emerging as a more frequent pregnancy- related issue. The incidence of this problem is increasing, with recent estimates indicating an approximate 1/333 to 1/533 deliveries. Recent studies reveal that YKL-40 (also known as Chitinase-3-like protein 1 which is a secreted glycoprotein that is approximately 40kDa in size) may be involved in angiogenesis, cell proliferation and differentiation as well as extracellular matrix remodeling, and other inflammatory processes.

Objectives: To evaluate the association between mate

Background: Psoriasis, a common chronic autoimmune dermatological disease, is identified by scaling and inflammation seen in the skin. Both environmental and genetic factors contribute to its pathogenesis.

Objectives: To examine changes in albumin and C-reactive protein levels and their ratios, and the effect of Etanercept treatment on these indicators in the serum of Iraqi Psoriasis patients compared to healthy individuals.

Methods: A total of 100 Psoriatic patients were enrolled in the study and matched with healthy individuals (n=93) attending the Department of Venereology and Dermatology at Baghdad Teaching Hospital from November 2024 to April 2025. The levels of C-reac

Background: Triple-negative breast carcinoma has an aggressive nature, poor prognosis, with high recurrence rates and metastasis. It has a poor response to targeted therapies, leaving a restricted number of efficient treatments, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Some types of triple-negative breast carcinoma are considered immunogenic types, which mean that these tumors may be susceptible targets to a new line of treatment known as immunotherapy. Several biomarkers have been discovered to determine patients who could be eligible candidates to receive immunotherapies. One of these biomarkers is the programmed death receptor 1 (PD1)/ programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) overexpression.

Objectives

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are neurodevelopmental conditions that arise from a complex interplay of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Essential metal elements (EMEs), including copper, zinc, iron, and calcium, support brain development, support neuronal communication, and maintain normal metabolic activity. Any increase or decrease in these elements may play a role in the development of ASD and ADHD.

Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum levels of zinc, copper, iron, and calcium with ASD and ADHD. Moreover, to compare these levels among children with ASD, ADHD, combined ASD plus AD

Background: Co-microbial infection occupies a big portion of the urinary tract infections (UTI), especially in the elderly. Such infections are hidden, because of the dominance of one species over the other species.
Objectives: This study aimeds to detect polymicrobial urinary tract infections in middle-aged and elderly patients using both culture-based and molecular methods. It also investigates the presence of aminoglycoside resistance genes, specifically armA and rmtG, to improve diagnostic precision and support targeted therapeutic decisions.
Methods: In the current study, 100 clinical samples of urine were collected from

Background: Adenoidal hypertrophy is generally considered a common condition of childhood .When obstructive symptoms or recurrent otitis media (suppurative or non suppurative) occurs, adenoidectomy is generally indicated.A wide range of bacteria could be isolated from the surface and core tissue of the removed adenoid tissue.
Patients and Methods: A prospective study carried out in the ENT Department of AL-DIWANIYAH Teaching Hospital between October 2007 and September 2008.Involved 73 patients between 3 and 7 years, they were 31 male and 42 female .All patients underwent adenoidectomy .Surface and core swabs was taken from all specimens and submitted to bacteriological study.
Results: Pathogens were de

الخلفيه:يعتبر ناسور الاحليل بعد عملية اصلاح المبال التحتاني الولادي من اكثر المضاعفات شيوعا واكثرها صعوبةوتكمن صعوبتها بكونها من المضاعفات التي تتكرر حتى بعد اصلاحها جراحيا.

الهدف:الهدف من هذه الدراسه هو لتقييم نتائج استخدام الغشاء المخاطي الولادي في اصلاح ناسور الاحليل المتكرر بعد عملية اصلاح المبال التحتاني الولادي.

طريقة العمل

العلاقة بين تعبير المعلمات المناعية ل (P53) وعدم استقرار الساتل الميكروي  (MSI) مع العوامل السريرية المرضية لسرطان المعدة الغدي باستخدام الكيمياء النسيجية المناعية.

الخلاصة

الخلفية: يحدث سرطان المعدة الغدي بسبب عدم استقرار الكروموسومات، وطفرات TP53، واختلال الصيغة الصبغية، والانتقالات، والجينات الورمية الأولية، والتغيرات الجينية المثبطة للورم.عدم استقرار الساتل الميكر

الخلفية: التدرن الرئوي مرض معدي مُزمن والذي يُؤثّرُ على الحالة الغذائية للمرضى. وجودالحالة الغذائية السيّئةِ في مرضى التدرنِ الرئوي هو أحد أهم العواملِ الحاسمِة في وصف العلاجِ المساعد والمغذّي لمَنْع إجهادِ  الاكسدة والتعقيدات آلاخرى.

هدف الدراسةِ: هذه الدراسةِ صُمّمتْ لتَقييم الحالة الغذائية ومعامل كتلةِ جسم لمرضى التدرن الرئوي.

ا

المقدمة: يعتبر العمل في جميع مجالات واشكال الإشعاعات المؤينة من العوامل الخطرة التي قد تسبب نوع من التاثيرات والإصابات التي تكون غير قابلة  للشفاء  لذلك  فان تطبيق الوقاية من التعرض للإشعاع المؤين يمكن أن يلعب دورا هاما في صحة العمال . فالهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تقييم تطبيق الوقاية من الإشعاع المؤين بين العاملين في  قسم الأشعة السينية في مستشفيات أربيل .

طر

الخلفية: على الرغم من التقدم الحاصل في معالجة انثقاب الامعاء في الاطفال حديثي الولادة, لا يزال انثقاب الجهاز الهضمي يمثل تحديا رئيسيا لجراحي الاطفال.

الهدف: يهدف البحث الى استعراض ثقوب الامعاء في الاطفال حديثي الولادة فيما يخص معدل الوفيات ودراسة المؤثرات السريرية المختلفة وتاثير طرق التداخلات الجراحية على معدل الوفيات.

المرضى والطرق: تمت د

Background: Neuropsychiatric symptoms are typical consequences in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There is no apparent link between the clinical parameters of SLE patients and the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms.

Objectives: to determine the incidence of neurological manifestations and the risks associated with them in SLE patients.

Patients and Methods: This is a case-series study comprised of 65 patients who visited the rheumatology department at Baghdad Teaching Hospital/Medical City between January 2022 and February 2023. All patients' demographic and clinical data, including age, gender, disease duration, type and duration of treatment, gener

Background: Decreased thyroid hormone synthesis and low levels of circulating thyroid hormones result in clinical and biochemical changes in hypothyroidism. As
deficiency of thyroid hormones causes many metabolic processes to slow down, therefore; the maintenance of optimal health requires an adequate supply of
carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, and macronutrients, micronutrients, and trace elements.
Objective: Study the effect of the changing in serum level of the trace elements; Zn, Cu, Mn, and Se in hypothyroid patient.
Patients and Method: Thirty seven hypothyroid patients and fifteen normal healthy control persons were participated in this study. Serum zinc and copper were determined using

Background: Malnutrition is an adverse prognostic factor in the outcome of children with standard risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia due to a significantly higher rate of bone marrow relapse in the malnourished patients. The event free survival of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in developed countries has increased substantially in the last two decades as treatment with intensive protocols has brought the estimated probability of event free survival at 5 years close to 75%. Although the prognosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia has also been improved in underdeveloped countries, the figures for event free survival are lower, even when aggressive protocols are used. Unfavorable socioeconomic fa

Background: Acinetobacter baumannii is a significant opportunistic pathogen and it is generally associated with benign colonization of hospitalized patients.

Objective: To investigate skin colonizationwith Acinetobacter baumannii in hospitalized patients and healthy volunteers.Antimicrobial resistance patterns of Acinetobacter baumanniiwas assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of thirteen different antimicrobial agents.

Patients and Methods: The study performed on hospitalized patients at Rizgary and Hawler teaching hospitals and healthy volunteers who attended to supermarkets in Erbil, Iraq. A single sample was ob

Introduction:

Renal artery aneurysm (RAA) occurs to focal dilatation of artery secondary to weakness of the arterial intima and media. RAA is a rare clinical entity with an incidence of 0.01 – 1%.1

Rupture RAA during pregnancy is extremely rare event. The obstetric and urologic literatures are deficient in this regard. Diagnosis of ru

الخلاصة:

خلفية البحث: ان معدل انتشار مرض تصلب الاعصاب المتعدد في العراق هو 11.73 لكل 100.000 شخص وهو يسبب الإعاقة لدى عمر الشباب. يمكن لـ مقياس الاعاقة الموسع من مراقبة درجة الاعاقة لدى المرضى بينما يعمل فحص فسيولوجيا كهربائية العين كعلامة على تكوّن غمد المايلين

الاهداف :   تهدف هذه الدراسة الى استكشاف العلاقة بين مقياس الاعاقة الموسع وفحص فسيولوجيا كهربائية العين لدى مرضى

Background: progress towards the control of measles require a national capacity to measure program affectiveness.

 Background :The retroperitoneal tumors is usually confined to lesions arising from tissues (muscles, fat, lymph nodes, nerves, and, developmental remnant) of this compartment but excluding origin from the retroperitoneal organs (panaceas, kidney, ureters and adrenals). The aim of the study is to focus a light on the types of retroperitoneal tumors, ways of the investigations and the presentations.
Methods :A prospective review study of 25 patients with retroperitoneal tumors has been collected in the Medical City Teaching Hospitals During the period between Jan 2001 to Mar 2004. The data included age, gender, risks factors, clinical presentations, diagnostic modalities and results of histopathology.
Results :14 males (56%) a

الخلاصة: يعد سرطان الثدي من اكثر الاورام الخبيثة التي تصيب النساء في العالم والعراق. ان معدلات التكاثر السرطانية تستطيع ان توفر معلومات مفيدة عن عدائية المرض و ما يؤل اليه في المستقبل كما و يمكن استخدامها في الممارسة الاكلينيكية لتحديد برتكول العلاج. 

اهداف البحث: تقييم دور Ki67  كمعلم تكاثري من خلال تحليل العلاقات بين  Ki67 مع العوامل السريرية والباثولوج

Background: Fibromyalgia has been associated with physical and emotional trauma including invasive medical procedures. Both Fibromyalgia and ischemic heart disease have been linked with depression. The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of fibromyalgia syndrome in patients with ischemic heart disease.Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was done in the Iraqi Center for Heart Disease. One hundred patients, angiographically proved to have ischemic heart disease, were subjected to rheumatologic examination by another physician, and compared to hundred healthy individuals as a control group. Diagnosis of fibromyalgia was based on 1990 American College of Rheumatology Classification criteria for the diagnosis of

خلفية البحث : التهابات الجهاز التنفسي المكتسبة بالمستشفيات في العناية المركزة هي واحدة من القضايا الصعبة ، وتتنافس مع غيرها من الأسباب الرئيسية للاعتلال و الوفيات، و لهذا فأنه يحتاج إلى دراسة وافية..

الهدف من الدراسة: اجريت هذه الدراسة لتقييم مدى انتشار استعمار الجهاز التنفسي بGram-negative rods(  ( GNRs   للمرضى ذوي الحالات الحرجة الراقدين  في ردهة العنايه ال

Background: Oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus by damaging cellular organelles and enzymes in blood such as arginase1, insulin and glutathione s-transferase; increasing lipid peroxidation such as malondialdehyde and increasing insulin resistance which can lead to diabetic complications such as diabetic retinopathy.

Objectives: To explore the relationship of oxidative stress to the development of diabetic retinopathy by measuring the levels of Arginase1, the activity of glutathione s-transferase enzyme, and the levels of malondialdehyde as a secondary product of lipid peroxidation (biomarker for oxidative stress).

Patients and Methods

Back ground: Visceral leishmaniasis is an endemic protozoan disease in Iraq. Recovery from this disease confers a solid and permanent immunity. Immunological assessment of our patients was carried out and the results showed a significant reduction in the percentage of CD3, CD56 and a significant increase in the percentage of CD19 in the peripheral blood lymphocyte of VL in comparison with control group.
Patients and methods: Indirect immunofluorescence technique analysis was performed to detect the percentage of CD3, CD19and CD56 positive lymphocytes.
Results: Our results in the patients groups showed decrease in the percentage of CD3, CD56 and increase in the percentage of CD19. Follow up of patients after

Background: Shunt operations are performed for different reasons mainly hydrocephalus congenital or acquired. It’s associated with certain morbidity and mortality.
Patients and method: A prospective study from Jan 2004 to Jan 2006, 226 patients under went shunt operation in the specialized surgical hospital in Baghdad. The patients were divided into two groups according to the way of applying the upper end catheter. In group A49 patients where posterior parietal approach was used, and group (B) 174 where parietal or temproprietal approach was used.
Results and discussions: different complications were recorded, but the most frequent was upper end obstruction by choroids plexus or by debris. In group

Background: The removal of an impacted foreign body in the esophagus is still a common practice in the Thoracic Department of the Medical City Hospital .The objective of this study is to cast a light on this rather a common phenomenon in our country , its risks and its management.
Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective study of 120 patients with foreign bodies in the esophagus managed successfully in our department during five years period 1998 – 2002 inclusive .The study included 65 males and 55 females . Their ages range between I year and 75 years. The most common age group was less than 10 years , which constitutes about 30% of our patients .Varieties of foreign bodies were encountered ,their

االمقدمة:اعتلال عضلة القلب التضخمي هومرض قلبي وعائي وراثي شائع. ميّزَ سريرياً بالتضخّم المرتبط بالغُرَفِ البطينيةِ الغيرِ المُتَوَسّعةِ في غيابِ الامراض القلبيِة الأخرى أَو الأمراض الشاملِةِ. منقسم بشكل صرفي إلى تضخّمِ حاجزيِ لا مُتماثلِ، تضخّم مركزي متماثل وتضخّم قممي. منقسم بشكل فسلجي إلى اعتلال عضلة القلب التضخمي المعوق وغير المعوق طبقاً لميلِ منطقة الفيضان البطيني الأيسر ف