This paper aims to study the rate of star formation (SFR) in luminous infrared galaxies at different wavelengths using distance measurement techniques (dl, dm) and to know which methods are the most accurate to determine the rate of star formation as we present through this research the results of the statistical analysis (descriptive statistics) for a sample of luminous infrared galaxies. The data used in this research were collected from the NASA Extragalactic Database (NED) and HYPERLEDA, then used to calculate the star formation rate and indicate the accuracy of the distance methods used (dl, dm). Two methods were tested on Hα, OII, FIR, radio continuum at 1.4 GHz, FUV, NUV, and total (FUV + FIR). The results showed that the dl meas

This study presents an evaluation of the achievability and execution of transitional orbits for spacecraft transitioning from a high eccentricity Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to a circumlunar orbit, with the point of distinguishing the foremost proficient and ideal trajectory while considering variables such as velocity and required fuel. Transitional orbits have a role in space exploration, and optimizing their characteristics can enormously advantage mission planning and spacecraft design. A numerical simulation model was developed to attain this objective, A gravity perturbations effect is included in the calculation of the transition. The model utilized progressed numerical integration strategies for exact trajectory analysis.

Three

In this work, the impact of different geomagnetic storm events on the plasma-sphere layer (ionosphere layer) over the northern and southern hemisphere regions was investigated during solar cycle 23. To grasp the influence of geomagnetic storms on the behavior and variation of the critical frequency parameter of the F2 ionospheric layer (f_oF2), five geomagnetic storms (classified as great, severe, and strong), with Disturbance storm time (Dst) values <-100 nT were chosen. Four stations located in different mid-latitude regions in northern and southern hemispheres were designated, the northern stations are: Millstone Hill (42.6° N, 288.50° W) and Rome (41.90° N, 12.50° E) and the southern stations are: Port Stanley (-51.6

The present work aimed to make a comparative investigation between three different ionospheric models: IRI-2020, ASAPS and VOACAP. The purpose of the comparative study is to investigate the compatibility of predicting the Maximum Usable Frequency parameter (MUF) over mid-latitude region during the severe geomagnetic storm on 17 March 2015. Three stations distributed in the mid-latitudes were selected for study; these are (Athens (23.50^o E, 38.00^o N), Jeju (124.53^o E, 33.6^o N) and Pt. Arguello (239.50^o W, 34.80^o N). The daily MUF outcomes were calculated using the tested models for the three adopted sites, for a span of five-day (the day of the event and two days preceding

In this work, a comparative analysis for the behavior and pattern of the variations of the IF2 and T Ionospheric indices was conducted for the minimum and maximum years of solar cycles 23 and 24. Also, the correlative relationship between the two ionospheric indices was examined for the seasonal periods spanning from August 1996 to November 2008 for solar cycle 23 and from December 2008 to November 2019 for solar cycle 24. Statistical calculations were performed to compare predicted values with observed values for the selected indices during the tested timeframes. The study's findings revealed that the behavior of the examined indices exhibited almost similar variations throughout the studied timeframe. The seasonal variations were adopt

Wind energy harnesses the kinetic force of the wind through turbines to produce electricity. As a critical renewable energy source, it presents a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. The availability of wind energy is geographically contingent. This paper aims to pinpoint optimal sites for wind energy development in Iraq and to secure future energy needs from renewable sources to achieve this, a multi-criteria analysis utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was employed to determine the prime locations for wind energy extraction. Vital climatic data incorporated into this analysis included a RASTER file of the study area's annual wind speed, temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation

An Estimation is a direct summation that can produce new data from past measurements. In this study, we confirm the possibility of using the (WEKA) program in estimating the monthly values of some climatological parameters and investigate the influence of the time series' length parameters on the accuracy of estimation for selected regions of Iraq.  Satellite data were used, which represent the monthly values for each of the minimum and maximum temperature, wind velocity, and relative humidity for the 1981 – 2021 time period, the absolute error rate (MAE), and the square root of the error rate (RMSE) with the correlation

( R²) are also identified to test the confidence of the prediction. Using (WEKA) software, which

Dust storms are a common ecological occurrence in many world‘s countries, mainly in dry and semi-dry parts. Dust storms tremendously influence human health, the environment, the climate, and numerous social aspects. In this paper, spatial and temporal analysis, metrological triggers, and trajectory, dust exporting areas of a severe dust storm that occurred in Iraq on May 16, 2022, were investigated. The dust storm's backward trajectory was determined using HYSPLIT model, which is then compared with MODIS and Meteosat satellite images. The weather is then analyzed using the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis model, and the approximate area of these sources was determined using Landsat 8 satellite image classification method. The results revealed that

In this paper, plasma will be generated in a laboratory as a simulation of what happens to spacecraft when they enter the atmosphere of Earth. Parameters of plasma generation were determined in terms of pressures of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 mbar and generation energy 200 W. The parameters of the generated plasma were calculated using the optical emission spectroscopy two intensity ratio method, and the electron temperature, electron density, Debye length, and plasma frequency were calculated. Compare the results with the actual results, electron temperatures were 2.26–1.71 eV and plasma frequency 8.09 x10¹¹-6.7x10¹¹ at 0.1-0.5 mbar pressure.

Ozone (O₃) occurs naturally in the Earth's upper atmosphere, and at ground level is a dangerous pollutant hurts plants and lung tissue and it’s a major component of smog. The purpose of this study to analyze the time series, trend, and spatial-temporal changes of monthly Relative Humidity (RH), Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR), and O₃ in Iraq using the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) ascending AIRS3STM data during 2003 - 2021. The time series over six stations (Mosul, Sulaymaniyah, Khanaqin, Rutba, Baghdad, and Basra) have been analyzed and showed similar changes and fluctuation in O₃ and OLR. The results of the study obtained were: minimum (decreasing, January–December) and maximum (increasing,

Merging galaxies provide an excellent laboratory for investigating several physical properties related to the merging processes. In this research, high-resolution ¹²CO (J= 1 – 0) data of the molecular gas was reported in the merging galaxy VV114 from the Atacama Large Millimetre/Sub-millimetre Array (ALMA) to study some of the physical characteristics at the sub-kpc scale. Infrared (IR) data from the Spitzer Space Telescope was used to determine the star formation rate (SFR) and were compared with the properties of the molecular gas. The molecular gas map was divided into 12 regions with a scale of (500 – 600) pc in the CO (1 – 0) integrated intensity and velocity dispersion map. The findings showed a low value for the i