This paper investigates some exact and local search methods to solve the traveling salesman problem. The Branch and Bound technique (BABT) is proposed, as an exact method, with two models. In addition, the classical Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Simulated Annealing (SA) are discussed and applied as local search methods. To improve the performance of GA we propose two kinds of improvements for GA; the first is called improved GA (IGA) and the second is Hybrid GA (HGA).

The IGA gives best results than GA and SA, while the HGA is the best local search method for all within a reasonable time for 5 ≤ n ≤ 2000, where n is the number of visited cities. An effective method of reducing the size of the TSP matrix was proposed with

3D geological model for each reservoir unit comprising the Yamama Formation revealed to that the formation is composed of alternating reservoirs and barriers. In Subba and Luhais fields the formation began with barrier YB-1 and four more barriers (YB-2, YB-3, YB-4, YB-5), separated five reservoirs (YR-A, YR-B, YR-C, YR-D, YR-E) ranging in thickness from 70 to 80 m for each of them deposited by five sedimentary cycles. In the Ratawi field the formation was divided into three reservoir units (YR-A, YR-B, and YR-C) separated by two barrier units (YB-2 and YB-3), the first cycle is missing in Ratawi field.  

The study involves 1 well in Luhais field (Lu-12), 3 wells in Subba field (Su-7, Su-8, and Su-9), and 5 wells in Ratawi fi

Let M be an R-module, where R is an integral domain with quotient field K .In this paper we introduce the concept of strongly primary submodule, where a submodule N of M is called strongly primary, it whenever r& K.xe M.rs EN Implies xeN or re(N:M) for some nez.. We study this concept and give some of its properties.

In this paper, we establish a relation between differential S' actions on homotopy 15-spheres and (12, 7) sphere pairs.

A complexified adjoint representations of the complexification Lie algebras associated with the special orthogonal group SO(3) and special linear group SL(2,₵)  have been obtained. A new representation of their tensor product is naturally arisen and computed in details.

Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is one of the photochemical electric cells, which consists of the photoelectrode, the dye, the electrolyte, and the counter electrode. The advantage of DSSC is the low cost of the solar energy conversion into electricity because of inexpensive materials and the relative ease of the fabrication processes. In this study was selected solvent dye resolve to know most efficient in terms of conversion efficiency. A dye solution of water or ethanol and maxing in which eosin – y dissolves behaves like a colloid and explores the effect of sintering temperature of TiO2 films on the efficiency of dye sensitized solar cells. A study conducted on several samples at different temperatures. Exemplary efficiency of the

Different formula of bioagents (Rhizobium cicceri cp-93, Azospirillum sp.,
Pseudomonas fluorescence, Trichoderma harzianum ) used in this study as a
biofertilizer on wheat crop with two level of chemical fertilizer (0 and 12.5
kg/donm Dap) compared to 50kg/donm Dap (standard amount).the study carried out
in Iraq/Diyala –Alkhales during November 2014,results showed significant increase
in no. of spikes, no. of spikelet’s, length of spike ,Weight of 1000 seed and yield of
one m2 when adding (Rhizobium cicceri cp-93,Azospirillumsp+ Trichoderma
harzianum +12.5 kg/donm Dap) in comparison with the 50kg/donm Dap. Other
formulas recorded same results with the treatment 50kg/Donm Dap with not
significant differences

This paper describes a modified mathematical method that used for controlling and generating three dimensional surfaces based on different axes (X, Y, and Z) and free axis. The main aim of the proposed method is to allow the designer to change the shape of the surface to the desired one without changing the original data points which is presented in the earlier version of this paper under title "3D Surface Reconstruction of Mathematical Modelling Used for Controlling the Generation of Different Bi-cubic B-Spline in Matrix Form without Changing the Control Points". The proposed method has been done by changing the t and s, parameters value that are assigned secretly by the designer. Therefore, in case off the control points have been disc

Humans are exposed to nuclear radiations every day, and these radiations are both natural and artificial. When the body tissues are exposed to nuclear radiation, free radicals are formed, which are responsible for cancer development. In this research, silver nanoparticles were synthesized by electrical explosion wire method. Nanoparticles were added to deionized water that contained free radicals before and after exposure to gamma rays. The obtained results indicate that the silver nanoparticles have antioxidant potential through possessing free radical scavenging activity, as they can donate electron to free radicals and become neutralize. Then, these nanoparticles were injected to mice before and after their irradiation with gamma ray.

     The great progress in information and communication technology has led to a huge increase in data available. Traditional systems can't keep up with this growth and can't handle this huge amount of data. Recommendation systems are one of the most important areas of research right now because they help people make decisions and find what they want among all this data. This study looked at the research trends published in Google Scholar within the period 2018-2022 related to recommending, reviewing, analysing, and comparing ebooks research papers. At first, the research papers were collected and classified based on the recommendation model used, the year of publication, and then they were compared in terms of techniques, datasets u

Agaricus bisporus is cultivated edible mushroom . This study is made to evaluate the  activity of A. bisporus extract  on  lipid profile in mice treated with peroxide.  40 females albino mice were chosen and  divided into 4 groups (ten mice per each group). The first group was treated with normal saline as a control, the second group received 2ml/kg body weight of peroxide , While the third set received 2ml/kg body weight of peroxide plus 25 mg/ml  A bisporus .Besides, the last fourth group received 25 mg/ml  of A. bisporus. The Results have showed a significant increase (p≤ 0.05) in cholesterol(CH) in group 2 (250.01± 1.05)and group3 (204.25±1.80), while there wa

Two hundred samples taken from cattle and buffaloes (50 samples from each urine, blood, tracheal and vaginal swabs) were collected. The study showed that C.albicans was the most common isolates from the total samples. In cattle, it was isolated in a percentage of 50% out of 52 samples, followed by C.krusei 19%, C.parapsilosis 11.5%, C.tropicalis 10%, and C.rugosa 1.9%, on the other hand other isolated yeasts were Cryptococcus neoformans 3.8%,Geotricum candidum 1.9%, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa 1.9%. In buffaloes C.albicans was also found as a predominant isolates. The total isolates of C.albicans was 43.9% out of 41 samples, followed by, C.tropicalis 22%, C.krusei 19.5%, C.parapsilosis 4.9% and C.rugosa 2.4%. Other yeasts were also iden

The distortion, which occurs to the image often affects the existing amount of
information, weakens its sharpness and decreases its contrast and thus leads to overlap
the details of various regions and decrease image resolution. White test images are used
to determine the image quality and reveal the analysis ability of different visual systems
where we depended in our study on white test images, studying distribution of the light
intensity of the image and figure out the relationship between the average and the
standard deviation to the picture to study the optical intensity function by using the test
image and the result to restrict the efficiency of the optical system. The technological results of co

Star formation inside a box of size (120Mpc/h)3 was studied using Lambda Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) model by simulating one million dark matter particles and one million gas particles. The particles were simulated from early Universe, z=30 (450 million years) to z=0 (13.4 billion years).
In the simulation galaxy clusters, voids and filaments were constructed at low redshift, z=0. Stars were formed from redshift z=5.99. The formations increased with decreasing redshifts but at some redshifs stars were not formed and the total number of star formed in the box was 28443 stars.
The gadget-2 code was depended in the simulation and sixteen processors of high performance supercomputer of Nottingham University-England were used.

In this paper, we introduce and study new types of separation axioms in tritopological
spaces, where we defined it using new types of closed set but not
necessarily closed sets. Several properties of these concepts are proved.

The earth cover (soil types) of Iraq is characterized by its variation in its geological and mineral contents. A large area of Iraq can be a source for dust storms that occur in Iraq and neighboring countries. These areas are located in the north western and western parts of Iraq which are characterized by their dryness and minimum vegetation during summer season. The prevailing wind direction in Iraq comes from the northwest and is known as ( Shamal). This cold wind front meets a warm air front from the west on areas of soft and light soil cover in north western part of Iraq. This process leads to rise of huge amount of suspended dust and hence to the creation of dust storm which propagate in most parts of Iraq (middle and south).

During 2011, 1900 clinical specimens (urine, wounds, burns, blood and sputum) and
240 hospital environment specimens were collected from four hospitals in
Baghdad/Medical city including: Baghdad Teaching Hospital, The Martyr Gazi Al-
Hariry Hospital, Welfare Teaching Hospital and The Burn Specialist Hospital. All
specimens were cultured and 128 Acinetobacter baumannii were obtained from
clinical and environmental specimens in a ratio of 6.05% (n=115) and 5.42%
(n=13), respectively. These isolates were identified using microscopic examination,
biochemical tests and Api 20 E system.The slide agglutination technique for rabbit
immune sera and A. baumannii bacteria was used and our data analysis revealed a
serologi

The use of microarray data for the analysis of gene expression has been seen to
be an important tool in biological research over the last decade. The important role
of this tool is indicated by providing patients a great benefit of predicted treatment.
There is an important question about a classification problem. The question is which
genes play an important role in the prediction of class membership? There are many
classification methods applied to microarray data to solve the classification problem.
In bioinformatics, Statistical method is addressed by using microarray data. For
example breast tissue samples could be classified as either cancerous or normal.
Microarray expression profiling has p

The appearance of wireless communication is dramatically changing our life. Mobile telecommunications emerged as a technological marvel allowing for access to personal and other services, devices, computation and communication, in any place and at any time through effortless plug and play. Setting up wireless mobile networks often requires: Frequency Assignment, Communication Protocol selection, Routing schemes selection, and cells towers distributions. This research aims to optimize the cells towers distribution using spatial mining with Geographic Information System (GIS) as a tool. The proposed optimized towers distribution done by applying the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) on the image of the targeted area should be covered. DEM appl

To perform a good interpretation and spatial analysis for remote sensing data like
satellites images, it is better to enhanced these images by using Image Processing
techniques. In the same time to make good interpretation for any study area it is
better to collect more than one data about this study area. In this research the study
area located in Qaraqosh District in Southern East of Mosul city north Iraq. Two
remote sensing data are collected about this area; spectral bands of Enhanced
Thematic Mapper Plus sensor (ETM+) Landsat 7 satellite, and panchromatic band of
SPOT satellite. The spectral bands of Landsat 7 satellite with high spectral
resolution (8 bands) with spatial resolution 28.5 meter

Stars whose initial masses are between (0.89 - 8.0) M☉ go through an
Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) phase at the end of their life. Which have been
evolved from the main sequence phase through Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB).
The calculations were done by adopted Synthetic Model showed the following
results: 1- Mass loss on the AGB phase consists of two phases for period (P <500)
days and for (P>500) days; 2- the mass loss rate exponentially increases with the
pulsation periods; 3- The expansion velocity VAGB for our stars are calculated
according to the three assumptions; 4- the terminal velocity depends on several
factors likes metallicity and luminosity. The calculations indicated that a su

In the present study, the influence of various solvents on UV-VIS absorption spectra of N,N-Bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine (Salen) has been investigated. Salen ligand has two absorption maxima (around 260 and 320 nm). To explain the obtained spectra, the frequencies and molar absorptivity values were combined with solvent properties using a total solvatochromic equation suggested by the Kamlet and Taft. The multiparametric examination denotes that non-specific dipolar interactions of the solvents (π*) with the solute play a significant role in absorption maxima in pure solvents. The ionization constant (pK_a) of salen in methanol has been determined by spectrophotometric measurements. Two graphical methods have been applied

In this research, the frequency-frequency interactions in chaotic systems has been experimentally and numerically studied. We have injected two frequencies on chaotic system where one of these frequencies is modulated with chaotic waveform and the other is untiled as a scanning frequency to find modulating frequency. It is observed that the Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) peaks amplitude increased when the value of the two frequencies are matched. Thus, the modulating frequency could be observed, this leads to discover a new method to detect the modulating frequency without synchronization.

    A three-dimensional (3D) model extraction represents the best way to reflect the reality in all details. This explains the trends and tendency of many scientific disciplines towards making measurements, calculations and monitoring in various fields using such model. Although there are many ways to produce the 3D model like as images, integration techniques, and laser scanning, however, the quality of their products is not the same in terms of accuracy and detail. This article aims to assess the 3D point clouds model accuracy results from close range images and laser scan data based on Agi soft photoscan and cloud compare software to determine the compatibility of both datasets for several applications. College of Scien

The distributions of rivers, back swamps, delta, and ancient marine shore line of Southern Mesopotamia during Late Pleistocene – Holocene have been studied depending on the ostracoda and foraminifera assemblages as ecological indicators to determine the ecofacies and paleosalinities, which diagnose different depositional environments. The data are collected from 86 boreholes (including 12 deep boreholes), covering almost the entire Southern Mesopotamia.
Rates of sedimentation are calculated and corrected for compaction in this study, relative to previously measured C14 dating by some authors, for the marine and non- marine (Ur Flood) deposits.
Those rates of sedimentation found in this study are varies from a borehole to another,

Nowadays, after the technological development in societies, cloud computing has become one of the most important technologies. It provides users with software, hardware, and platform as remote services over the Internet. The increasing number of cloud users has caused a critical problem in how the clients receive cloud services when the cloud is in a state of instability, as it cannot provide required services and, thus, a delay occurs. Therefore, an algorithm was proposed to provide high efficiency and stability to work, because all existing tasks must operate without delay. The proposed system is an enhancement shortest job first algorithm (ESJF) using a time slice, which works by taking a task in the shortest time first and then the l

    COVID-19 is an infectious pandemic disease which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Up to date, scientists are trying to identify a new specific antiviral drug to overcome this disease. Different methods are under study and evaluation in the entire world to control the virus, including blood plasma, blood purification, and antimicrobial and antiviral agents; however, there are no approved drugs yet. This review is focused on the conducted clinical trials worldwide, including the Iraq- Kurdistan region, China, USA, and Europe, to fi

Wind energy is becoming one of the renewable energy that has attracted great attention all over the world. This research work aims to build a map by which the user can have a thought about the number of generation hours of electricity from wind through all the year at the location of study (Wasit-Iraq). To interact the idea, this study included using the work included using different wind turbines at different heights. The results show that Gamesa G58-850 KW wind turbine gives more generated hours at 50 meters height.

Tau-P linear noise attenuation filter (TPLNA) was applied on the 3D seismic data of Al-Samawah area south west of Iraq with the aim of attenuating linear noise. TPLNA transforms the data from time domain to tau-p domain in order to increase signal to noise ratio. Applying TPLNA produced very good results considering the 3D data that usually have a large amount of linear noise from different sources and in different azimuths and directions. This processing is very important in later interpretation due to the fact that the signal was covered by different kinds of noise in which the linear noise take a large part.

The present study considers an influence of WS₂ nanoparticles lubricants on physical characteristics of wrought Aluminium alloys. It is investigated parameters-performance relationship via tribological pin-on-disc tests, the pin is made of Aluminium alloys and the disk is made of AISI.1045, and the humidity was 70%. Oils with WS₂ nanoparticles and without them reveal the loss rate of wear. In this study, the coefficient of friction (CoF) is reduced from 0.27 to 0.22 and the wear rate decreased from 0.128 x 10^-6 Nm^-1 to 0.107 x 10^-6 Nm^-1 at a load of 20 N. All worn surfaces were typically three types in wear mechanisms such as adhesive, abrasive, and oxidative wear. In addi