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A Comparative Study about Knowledge, Attitude, Practice of Antibiotic Use and Perceptions of the Possible Causes of Resistance between Final Year Undergraduate Students and Postgraduate Pharmacy Students
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Background: Antibiotic resistance is a problem leading to difficulty in treating microbial infections thatmay occur due to many causes. For the important pharmacist role as a reference for the information and theability to access to medications, they are vital members in lowering the development of antibiotic resistance,and also they support the proper use and control of antibioticsmisuse. Our goal is comparing the knowledge,attitude, practice of undergraduate and postgraduate pharmacy students and their perceptions about thecausing factors of antibiotic resistance in Iraq.Method: A cross sectional study was conducted involving the final year bachelor and postgraduate (masterand Philosophical doctor) students from different private and public pharmacy universities in Iraq. Anadjusted questionnaire was administrated to 233 students electronically and the results obtained wereanalyzed by using SPSS 20 for Windows Descriptive. A significant difference was found in the knowledgeof antibiotic between undergraduate and postgraduate(Master and Philosophical doctor) students (Meanknowledge score5.32 versus 5.92 respectively, p<0.001).Attitude data also showed a higher positive attitudeof postgraduate students according to antibiotic use and resistance when compared to undergraduatestudents (Mean attitude score: 2.97 versus 2.92 respectively, p<0.05). Significant difference was observed inpractices of the comparative students groups regarding to the frequency of self- medication, reason, sourcesof antibiotic use and in terms of disease condition where they used(p<0.05) . Continuous mutation and genechanges of micro-organism taken the higher percentages answere d yes for the undergraduate students whilethe limited restrictions on antibiotic usage taken the higher percentages answere d yes for the postgraduatestudents (89.1% and 98.5%respectively).Conclusion: We can conclude from data of our study that there is a significant difference in the knowledge,attitude, practice of antibiotic use and perceptions of the possible causes of resistance between postgraduate(master and Philosophical doctor) and undergraduate (fifth year bachelor) pharmacy students when assessingthe use of antibiotic and related resistance. This will help to determine the educational requirements forpharmacy students in colleges of Iraq for better understanding and dealing with the antibiotic resistanceproblem in the future

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Publication Date
Wed Jun 03 2020
Journal Name
Political Sciences Journal
The presidential system in Turkey between reality and challenges: a vision of the future
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The nature of the political system of any country in the international system must have an impact on the policy of the State, whether in the interior or exterior, both regional and international, Turkey is one of the most important countries in the Middle East, which have a place and effectiveness on the surrounding environment, hence the importance of research lies in its political system and the transfer of power in it and its transformation from the form of the parliamentary system to the presidential system of the repercussions of the task and mutual effects between Turkey and the countries of the surrounding region in terms of the extent of achieving political stability in the Turkish interior or not and how this can be refl

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Publication Date
Tue Nov 01 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Comparative Study on the Hardness of Mechroha Water Springs
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The vacancy of natural resources is undoubtedly limited by time. The sustainable development principle recommends modern technology for its protection and renewal. This project conducted analyses on two underground water sources in the north of Algeria (Mechroha Province). Besides, the use of the hardness factor and the adoption of the titration method, which is  the determining the concentration of an unknown solution using a known solution concentration, have permitted the characterization of the examples taken and to verify their conformity to the standard required, the results found showed HT=6.66 French degrees (oF) ) for Ain Guilloume water spring in comparison to Ain Messai water spring H

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Publication Date
Mon Apr 08 2024
Journal Name
Fifth International Conference On Applied Sciences: Icas2023
Bifurcation analysis of the role of good and bad bacteria in the decomposing toxins in the intestine with the impact of antibiotic and probiotics supplement
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This study presents a mathematical model describing the interaction of gut bacteria in the participation of probiotics and antibiotics, assuming that some good bacteria become harmful through mutations due to antibiotic exposure. The qualitative analysis exposes twelve equilibrium points, such as a good-bacteria equilibrium, a bad-bacteria equilibrium, and a coexisting endemic equilibrium in which both bacteria exist while being exposed to antibiotics. The theory of the Sotomayor theorem is applied to study the local bifurcation around all possible equilibrium points. It’s noticed that the transcritical and saddle-node bifurcation could occur near some of the system’s equilibrium points, while pitchfork bifurcation cannot be accrued at

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Publication Date
Sun Nov 01 2015
Journal Name
Journal Of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences And Applications
A Comparative Study of Topical Azailic Acid Cream 20% and Active Lotion Containing Triethyl Citrate and Ethyl Linoleate in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Acne Vulgaris
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HR Al-Hamamy, AA Noaimi, IA Al-Turfy, AI Rajab, Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications, 2015

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Publication Date
Fri Jan 01 2021
Journal Name
Aip Conference Proceedings
Plasma levels and diagnostic utility of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in the diagnosis of Iraqi women with breast tumor: A comparative study with Ca 15-3
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Publication Date
Fri Jan 01 2021
Journal Name
Aip Conference Proceedings
Plasma levels and diagnostic utility of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in the diagnosis of Iraqi women with breast tumor: A comparative study with Ca 15-3
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Publication Date
Wed Apr 01 2020
Journal Name
Biochemical And Cellular Archives
POSSIBLE ROLE OF HCMV INFECTION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HPV POSITIVE CERVICAL CARCINOMA IN A GROUP OF IRAQI WOMEN
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The cervical cancer considered as the fourth female prevalent disease worldwide, it was once the most extensively recognized female cancer two in many low-income countries. Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) exhibits broader tropism and can cause infection in most of the human body organs. Although, human cytomegalovirus HCMV is not yet considered an oncogenic virus, there is increased evidences of HCMV infection implication in malignant diseases of different cancer types. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of CMV infection on the development of HPV16 positive cervical cancinoma. The current retrospective study enrolled a number of paraffinized cervical cancer tissues .included 30 cervical carcinomatous tissues and 10 biopsies from an

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Publication Date
Mon Apr 03 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
Perceptual Curiosity among Students of Religious Schools in Anbar Province
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Abstract

The aim of the research is to identify the cognitive curiosity of students of religious schools in the al-Anbar Governorate. The sample consisted of (346) students from the secondary stage in religious schools affiliated with the Department of Religious Education and Islamic Studies. The sample included (232) males, (114) females, and (225) represented the intermediate stage, (121) represented the preparatory stage in religious schools. The researcher developed a scale of perceptual curiosity comprising (30) items with three alternatives (always applicable to me, rarely applicable to me, not applicable to me). The results showed that religious school students have a perceptive curiosity; there are no sta

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Publication Date
Tue Feb 05 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
Attitudes of Mass Media Students in Baghdad University toward Marriage
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This Study aims at identifying the attitudes of Masses Media students in Baghdad university toward marriage and the differences of this variable according to sex and the grade. The sample consists of (160) male and Females students, where the questionnaire consists of (40) items’ after achieving their reliability and constancy.
The results show that the attitudes of the students are Positive, there are no differences in the attitudes toward marriage according to sex variable (males and females) and there are differences in the variable of grade toward marriage for the First Class. In the lights of these results the researcher suggests making improvements in the attitudes toward marriage suiting the social value and customs of Iraqi

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Publication Date
Wed May 01 2013
Journal Name
2013 Fourth International Conference On E-learning "best Practices In Management, Design And Development Of E-courses: Standards Of Excellence And Creativity"
Students' Perspectives in Adopting Mobile Learning at University of Bahrain
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