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A Comparative Study about Knowledge, Attitude, Practice of Antibiotic Use and Perceptions of the Possible Causes of Resistance between Final Year Undergraduate Students and Postgraduate Pharmacy Students
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Background: Antibiotic resistance is a problem leading to difficulty in treating microbial infections thatmay occur due to many causes. For the important pharmacist role as a reference for the information and theability to access to medications, they are vital members in lowering the development of antibiotic resistance,and also they support the proper use and control of antibioticsmisuse. Our goal is comparing the knowledge,attitude, practice of undergraduate and postgraduate pharmacy students and their perceptions about thecausing factors of antibiotic resistance in Iraq.Method: A cross sectional study was conducted involving the final year bachelor and postgraduate (masterand Philosophical doctor) students from different private and public pharmacy universities in Iraq. Anadjusted questionnaire was administrated to 233 students electronically and the results obtained wereanalyzed by using SPSS 20 for Windows Descriptive. A significant difference was found in the knowledgeof antibiotic between undergraduate and postgraduate(Master and Philosophical doctor) students (Meanknowledge score5.32 versus 5.92 respectively, p<0.001).Attitude data also showed a higher positive attitudeof postgraduate students according to antibiotic use and resistance when compared to undergraduatestudents (Mean attitude score: 2.97 versus 2.92 respectively, p<0.05). Significant difference was observed inpractices of the comparative students groups regarding to the frequency of self- medication, reason, sourcesof antibiotic use and in terms of disease condition where they used(p<0.05) . Continuous mutation and genechanges of micro-organism taken the higher percentages answere d yes for the undergraduate students whilethe limited restrictions on antibiotic usage taken the higher percentages answere d yes for the postgraduatestudents (89.1% and 98.5%respectively).Conclusion: We can conclude from data of our study that there is a significant difference in the knowledge,attitude, practice of antibiotic use and perceptions of the possible causes of resistance between postgraduate(master and Philosophical doctor) and undergraduate (fifth year bachelor) pharmacy students when assessingthe use of antibiotic and related resistance. This will help to determine the educational requirements forpharmacy students in colleges of Iraq for better understanding and dealing with the antibiotic resistanceproblem in the future

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Publication Date
Sat Feb 21 2026
Journal Name
Journal Of Baghdad College Of Dentistry
The effect of nutritional status on mesiodistal and bucco/ lingual or palatal diameters of permanent teeth among fifteen years old students
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Background: Malnutrition during human growth affects the size of the tissues at different stages of life, body proportions, body chemistry, as well as quality and texture of tissues. Teeth are particularly sensitive to malnutrition. Malnutrition may affect odontometric measurement involving tooth size dimensions. The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of nutrition on teeth size dimension measurements among students aged 15 years old. Materials and methods: This study was conducted among malnourished group in comparison to well-nourished group matching with age and gender. The present study included 167 students aged 15 years (83 malnourished and 84 well-nourished). The assessment of nutritional status was done by using body mass

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Publication Date
Tue Jan 07 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Xian University Of Architecture & Technology
Intuitive thinking and its relationship to mental alertness among students of the College of Education for Pure Sciences / Ibn Al- Haytham
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The present research aims at identifying the relationship between intuitive thinking and mental alertness. The researcher used two tools: the intuitive thinking scale built by the researcher and consists of (40) paragraphs fall under four alternatives, while the second tool is the mental alertness scale consists of (70) paragraphs that the researcher built, and was verified psychometric properties of the two scales of honesty After the collection of information and statistical processing, the researcher reached the following results: 1. The results showed that the students of the third stage / Faculty of Education enjoy intuitive thinking. 2. The results showed that the students of the third stage / Faculty of Education enjoy mental alertne

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Publication Date
Wed Aug 01 2012
Journal Name
مجلة دراسات عربية في التربية وعلم النفس
Concepts of renewable energy among students at the Ibn Al-Haytham College of Education and its relationship to their environmental awareness
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Publication Date
Sat Oct 01 2016
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
ORGANIZATIONAL VALUES AND ITS IMPACT ON STRATEGIC PERFORMANCE A field study a comparison between Two Universities of Baghdad & Al-Nahrain
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ABSTRACT

     The researcher seeks to shed light on the relationship analysis and the impact between organizational values in all its dimensions (Administration Management, Mission, relationship management, environmental management) and strategic performance (financial perspective, customer perspective, the perspective of internal processes, learning and development) in the presidency of Two Universities of Baghdad & Al-Nahrain, it has been formulating three hypotheses for this purpose.

      The main research problem has been the following question: Is there a relationship and the impact of bet

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Publication Date
Thu Oct 25 2018
Journal Name
Al-kindy College Medical Journal
Infectious Causes of Diarrhea Among Neutropenic Children
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Background: Intestinal infections are frequently occur among children with cancer who receive chemotherapy. On the other hand, diarrhea is especially common and severe among cancer patients that develop neutropenia, either due to the disease itself or due to the intensive chemotherapy. There are many causes of diarrhea among those patients, but intestinal infections still an important etiology among them.

Objectives: to study the frequency of diarrhea among neutropenic children, with its infectious etiologies, especially the bacterial, fungal and parasitic causes.

Type of the study:Cross-sectional study.

Methods: the study was done in the Oncology

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Publication Date
Wed Dec 29 2021
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
The Academic Assistance and its Relationship with the College and Stage Variables at the Department of Kindergarten’s Students: نبأ مجيد مطشر, و جميلة رحيم عبد
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The study aims at knowing students’ academic assistance at the Department of Kindergarten. It further aims to know the difference of academic assistance among these students with respects to variables like (college of education for women, Baghdad, Thi-Qar). It also aims to know about the difference according to the academic level variable, in addition to its relation to some other variables. To achieve the objectives of the study, a number of university female students were selected from both Baghdad an Thi-Qar Universities in the academic year 2019-2020. The sample of the participants consisted of (400) students from the (second, third, and fourth) levels. To measure the study variable represented by the concept of academic assistance

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Publication Date
Wed Feb 15 2023
Journal Name
International Journal Of Emerging Technologies In Learning (ijet)
Instructional Design According to the Repulsive Learning Model and its Impact on the Achievement of Chemistry and Lateral Thinking for Third-Grade Intermediate Students
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Identify the effect of an educational design according to the repulsive (allosteric) learning model on the achievement of chemistry and lateral thinking. The sample consisted of (59) students from third-grade intermediate students. They were randomly distributed into two groups (experimental and control), and the equivalence was done in (chronological age, previous achievement in chemistry, intelligence, lateral thinking). The (30) students from experimental group were taught according to the instructional design, other 29 students from the (control) group were taught according to the usual method. Two tests done, one of them is an achievement test consisted of (30) items of the type of multiple choice, the other was a lateral think

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Publication Date
Thu Jun 30 2011
Journal Name
Al-khwarizmi Engineering Journal
Comparative Study of the Mechanical Properties of (FS) and MIG Welded Joint in (AA7020-T6) Aluminum Alloy
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A comprehensive practical study of typical mechanical properties of welded Aluminum alloy AA7020-T6 (Al-Mg-Zn), adopting friction stir welding (FSW) technique and conventional metal inert gas (MIG) technique, is well achieved in this work for real comparison purposes. The essences of present output findings were concentrated upon the FSW samples in respect to that MIG ones which can be summarized in the increase of the ultimate tensile strength for FSW was 340 MPa while it was 232 MPa for MIG welding, where it was for base metal 400 MPa. The minimum microhardness value for FSW was recorded at HAZ and it was 133 HV0.05 while it was 70 HV0.05 for MIG weld at the welding metal. The FSW produce 2470 N higher than MIG welding in the bending t

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Publication Date
Wed Jun 30 2010
Journal Name
Al-kindy College Medical Journal
Comparative study of the renoprotective effects of captopril and aminophylline against cainst cisplatin – induced nephrotoxicty in rats
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Background: Cisplatin is one of the most
commonly used anti-cancer drugs , but its
clinical use was limited by its nephrotoxicity .
Methods: In this study we try to investigate the
renoprotective effect of captopril and
aminophylline against cisplatin induced
nephrotoxicity .For this purpose a 36 Sprague
Dawley rats was divided randomly to 6 groups ,
each group consist of 6 rats. The first group
given normal saline and act as control group,
while the other 5 groups given cisplatin ( 7.5
mg/kg ) , captopril ( 60 mg/kg ) , aminophylline
( 24 mg/kg ) , captopril with cisplatin and
aminophylline with cisplatin respectively. All
drugs are given as single dose through
intraperitonial route. After 6

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Publication Date
Fri Nov 09 2018
Journal Name
Iraqi National Journal Of Nursing Specialties
Effectiveness of Physical Education Program on the Domains of the University Students, Attitudes toward Physical Fitness
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Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of physical education program on the domains of the university
students attitudes of physical activity and health, physical activity and mental health, physical activity and nutrition
toward physical fitness.
Methodology: A quasi-experimental design is carried out throughout the present study with the application of
test-retest approach through the period from February 3rd 2013 to June 30th 2013. The study is conducted on
purposive sample of(40) Undergraduate Students at the College of Science University of Baghdad . The sample is
Consisted of (20) males and (20) females. Questionnaire of two main parts, Personal and demographic
information and students' attitudes about phys

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