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International protection for human rights activists

Despite the primary role of governments in assuming the primary responsibility in protecting human rights in accordance with international human rights standards and instruments, they are not the only party responsible for ensuring the implementation of those rights. Individuals themselves have a duty towards their society to observe, respect and promote those rights and freedoms and work to protect them by means. All, and this is confirmed by Paragraph (1) of Article (29) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, which states: “Every individual has duties towards the society in which it is only possible for his personality to grow freely and fully.                                     

          Throughout history, many individuals and groups emerged, whether at the international or national level and with their different names “activist, defender, worker, observer” who had a great and effective role in calling for the implementation and activation of human rights in their societies, and they paid their lives and freedoms for that, as well as for Restrictions, intimidation, and monitoring by various means to limit their effectiveness, we mention the human rights activist "Martin Luther" and the activist "Nelson Mandela", who spent their lives fighting racial discrimination                                                                .         

     On the other hand, we find that there is no real endeavor by governments to deal with the attacks that affect them or a political will to protect them as an important component of the necessary components to create a more secure and just world, especially in our beloved country, and the international community later alerted the importance of the role that individuals play in that aspect, and the need to provide International protection for them, when the United Nations General Assembly in 1998 adopted by consensus the declaration on the "right and responsibility of individuals, groups and community organizations to promote and protect universally recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms", which was a major step as it gave the activist legal status, powers and rights in addition to being between Protection measures that must be adopted by states.                                 

      Therefore, through our research we sought to identify the human rights activist, the statement of the international legal status and the international and national protection mechanisms available to activists, as well as shed light on the most prominent obstacles, challenges and violations that faced their work, and we reached in conclusion a set of results, the most important of which are:                      

1.The 1998 Declaration on the Rights of Human Rights Defenders represents an important achievement at the international level, as it recognizes the defense of human rights as a right in itself, and has granted activists in the field of human rights defense an important legal positionto conduct their work.                                                                          

 2.Take the necessary measures to ensure that the laws in force, such as those related to security, are not abused to restrict the work of activists and limit their freedom, including Article (200) and Paragraph (5) of Article (372) of the Iraqi Penal Code in force of 1969  .                     

 

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Publication Date
Tue Nov 19 2024
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
The public's reliance on satellite channels to get information about human rights issues

The research aimed to study the role that the media play in shaping the public knowledge of human rights issues among the people of Kirkuk, which will be the focus of the study. The research was conducted by applying a survey panel to a random sample of the city's audience. The research dealt with the theoretical aspect of a theory that relied on the media, and the loans provided by the theory, on the basis of which the research was conducted and the research problem was determined based on a major question: What is the role that the mass media play in developing the knowledge of members of the public on human rights and the relationship between the intensity of view in that, as well as the identification of the effect of two variables G

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Publication Date
Fri Sep 02 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Legal Sciences
The role of international organizations in implementing the rules for the protection of human remains

Our research will highlight the most prominent measures taken by international organizations to address the most prominent effects of armed conflict and genocide that result in large numbers of corpses and the mechanisms for searching human remains and identifying identification.

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Publication Date
Thu May 18 2023
Journal Name
College Of Islamic Sciences
Human right rule in self-defense And its prohibitions in Islamic jurisprudence

God, may He be glorified and exalted be He, has given every human being the right to life and a dignified life, and has warned against transgression against any of its sanctities without a legitimate right. No one, regardless of his status or authority, can deprive a person of his rights that the Sharia came to preserve, and whoever does that has declared all people to war, as all humanity is in solidarity. In raising the hand that is simplified to harm a person and oppress him unjustly and exalted in the land.
If this is the case, the Sharia came to establish the right of people, groups and individuals, to defend their sanctities, preserve their security, recover their usurped rights, repel the aggression of the aggressors, and oppre

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Publication Date
Mon Apr 01 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Legal Sciences
International criminal Responsibility for terrorist crimes

   This research is entitled "International criminal Responsibility for terrorist crimes". Individuals bear the international criminal responsibility for supporting terrorist crimes, whatever their status, whether they are ordinary persons, heads of state or state officials. They could be prosecuting through national or international courts. Although terrorist crimes are not mentioned in the Statute of the International Criminal Court, terrorist groups may be prosecuting before the International Criminal Court when they commit international crimes within the jurisdiction under the Statute of this court, i.e., genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes. Leaders and officials of States that support terr

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Publication Date
Wed Jan 02 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
Women's rights in social studies and national textbooks in the secondary stage in the light of the international charters of women's rights and the cultural specificity of the Saudi society

Women's rights in social studies and national textbooks in the secondary stage in the light of the international charters of women's rights and the cultural specificity of the Saudi society Abstract The current study focuses on exploring women rights that required to be involved in social studies and national textbooks in the secondary stage in the light of international conventions on women's rights and cultural specificity of the Saudi society, as well as to reveal the teachers and educational supervisors' estimation about the degree of importance of those components included in the books, and then build a matrix of the range and sequence of women's rights in the books of social studies and national in the secondary stage. The study us

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Publication Date
Sun Apr 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
Successful international experiences in childcare

The first few years of life is the basis for proper human personality and this Made by scientific studies and research need to make all efforts to achieve the early development of children and demonstrated by the efficiency and effectiveness of great success in the educational and developmental programs that have been applied to accelerate the children's growth rate in the various their sides, the current research aims to: identify the most successful international experience in the care and upbringing of children in early childhood has been determined by current research and previous studies manners within the cognitive perspective and dealing with the subject of this research and with respect to the theoretical framework Presented rese

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Publication Date
Sat Feb 09 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
Dilemmas in teaching human rights and democracy between the current realityand the difficulties in seeking to spread a culture of human rights

In the age of information and communication revolution, education as one of life
aspects has influenced with that revolution by integrating technology in education, which
have become as an important learning tools of the whole educational process . Technology,
when used appropriately, can help make science classroom a site of active learning and
critical thinking, furthering student inquiry and connections with different materials. It is
necessary to develop human rights education programs and materials for discretionary and
extracurricular activities as it provide them with the skills and tools so that they are
empowered to take action to realize their rights. Human rights education is a critical means of
instill

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Publication Date
Thu Jun 15 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Legal Sciences
Human Right to Citizenship in International Conventions and Omani Legislation: Comparative Study

The idea of citizenship is one of the old political and legal ideas that have long occupied a wide area of thinking in most countries of the world because the right of citizenship is linked to the identity and cultural reference of human persons of different origins and ethnicities. Citizenship is the equality of citizens irrespective of religious, sectarian, tribal, ethnic, or sexual tinctures. Countries sought to enshrine this right through international conventions, affirmed through the constitutions, statutes, laws, and media of States, to increase the association of individuals affiliated with the State with their national identity and to grant these individuals all their rights under international conventions, constitutions, or dom

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Publication Date
Thu Aug 03 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Legal Sciences
The International Responsibility for Repelling Boat Refugees

The maritime borders of the coastal state are the scene of the human tragedies that we are witnessing in the context of the perilous plight of refugees at sea، and the failure to help people at risk by the coastal state will entail international responsibility towards them، and the three international maritime conventions، commitments aimed at coastal states with the duty to provide assistance and rescue to persons in danger of being lost at sea، is without doubt one of the most basic principles established in the law of the sea، in addition to establishing and operating And maintenance of the search and rescue service، and not to expel them and return them to their country of origin or another country.

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Publication Date
Tue Feb 05 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
Dilemmas in teaching human rights and democracy between the current reality and the difficulties in seeking to spread a culture of human rights

In the age of information and communication revolution, education as one of life aspects has influenced with that revolution by integrating technology in education, which have become as an important learning tools of the whole educational process . Technology, when used appropriately, can help make science classroom a site of active learning and critical thinking, furthering student inquiry and connections with different materials. It is necessary to develop human rights education programs and materials for discretionary and extracurricular activities as it provide them with the skills and tools so that they are empowered to take action to realize their rights. Human rights education is a critical means of instilling the knowledge، skil

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