Preferred Language
Articles
/
jols-207
جريمة الرشوة دراسة مقارنة بأحكام الشريعة الإسلامية واتفاقية مكافحة الفساد: دراسة مقارنة

     ليس ثمة شك في أن المصالح الضرورية هي ما يضطر إليها الخلق لتنظيم معاشهم وحفظ معادهم ، فإذا اختل أحد هذه المصالح أختل نظام المصالح ، وحلت الفوضى محل التوازن بقدر هذا الاختلال ، وظاهر من هذا الامر أن هذه المصالح لها تعلقان ، تعلق بحفظ مصالح الفرد ، وتعلق بحفظ مصالح المجتمع ، والمصلحة العامة في الشريعة مقدمة على المصلحة الخاصة عند التعارض.

     وشُرعت الاحكام لتحقيق هذه المصالح فهي مصالح الخلق باعتبار ، ومقاصد الشرع باعتبار ثان ، وللوسائل المفضية إليها حكم هذه المقاصد والوسائل المشروعة أما لجلب منفعة أو لدرء مفسدة ، فإذا خالف قصد المكلف قصد الشارع من تشريعه الاحكام وقع باطلاً ، ويتوصل إلى معرفة مشروعية الأسباب عن طريقين ، أحدهما : الشرع ، وثانيهما : العقل والادراك بالعقل أما ضروري أو نظري .

     فإذا كانت المصالح هي علل الاحكام بمعنى أن الاحكام شرعت لتحصيلها إن ادركها العقل كان طريق العلم بالأحكام عقلياً ، ويدعم اتجاه العقل ورود الشرع مؤيداً له ، والعقل قد يدرك المصلحة أو المفسدة بالضرورة أي بدون توقف على نظر أو تأمل ، كإدراك العقل حسن العلم والعدل وقبح الجهل والظلم ، ... وقد يدركها بالنظر والتأمل ويدخل في هذا النطاق كل الحوادث والجزيئيات التي تتأثر بتغير الأزمان والأعراف وتبدل الاحوال والأماكن " ويدخل في هذا النطاق جرائم الرشوة والاختلاس والتزوير ، ونحوها من الجرائم الواقعة على الأموال الماسة بالمصلحة العامة " .

     أما المشرع فيعلم به ما يتوقف ادراك حسنه وقبحه على وروده ، كالمسائل المتعلقة بالعبادات والأمور التعبدية والغيبيات ... ، ويأتي الشرع مؤكداً لاتجاه العقل في ضرورة حفظ مصالح الفرد والمجتمع ، والمجتمع من خلال تشريع الاحكام التي لا يتأثر حسنها أو قبحها بتغير الأزمان والأماكن والأعراف ، كما في الحدود فهي أحكام لا تقبل التبديل أو الاسقاط أو الصلح أو الاجراء ، لأن الإخلال يها يلزم منه الإخلال بمصالح المجتمع ، من هذا المنطلق يمكن إدراك عظمة الشريعة وقدرتها على حماية مصالح الفرد والمجتمع بشكل متوازن .

     وبناءً على ذلك فقد منح الشرع للمشرع الزمني أن يحدد الأفعال التي تشكل تهديداً للمصالح العامة أو الخاصة أو كليهما ، وهذه الأفعال ليست على نمط واحد ، فمنها من نص الشارع الحكيم على تجريمها دون أن ينص على عقوبة محددة لها كالرشوة ، ومنها من لم ينص على تجريمها وعقوبتها كإساءة استعمال السلطة واستغلال النفوذ.

     وتمثل جريمة الرشوة اعتداء على مقاصد الشرع وما يرمي إليه من الوئام والتواصي بالحق والتعاون على البر والتقوى ، واعتداءً على المصالح العامة وتهديداً لها ، وإخلالاً بمفهوم الوظيفة العامة ، لقياسها أساساً على فكرة الاتجار بأعمال الوظيفية أو استغلالها على نحو غير مشروع يتنافى معه أهدافها ، لأن الجهد والعمل هو الأساس في الكسب في حين أن الرشوة هي كسب للأموال بغير جهد أو عمل ، لذا كانت المصلحة المحمية فيها هي المحافظة على هيبة الوظيفة وكرامتها وحسن سير العمل في المرافق العامة من اجل تحقيق الغاية المرجوة من مباشرة النشاط الوظيفي ، فجريمة الرشوة تعرقل نشاط الدولة وتؤثر على اجهزتها المختلفة في أداء نشاطها الطبيعي المرسوم لها ، لمساسها بالعلاقة الوظيفية القائمة بين المرفق العام والموظف ، فالوظيفة هي : مجموعة من المهام والواجبات والمسؤوليات التي ينظر إليها على أنها تكليف مطلوب من الأفراد انجازه[1] ، والإخلال بتلك العلاقة يفضي إلى انحراف الوظيفة عن أهدافها ، وهذا يتنافى مع المصلحة العامة التي تحرص على حماية النشاط الوظيفي من أي انحراف مهما كانت طبيعته أو وصفه[2] .

 

[1] Flipo , personnel , management , 1984 , p14 etc

[2] د.مأمون محمد سلامة ، قانون العقوبات - القسم الخاص  ، الجرائم المضرة بالمصلحة العامة  ، دار الفكر العربي ، القاهرة – مصر ، 1982م ، ص 100 – 101 .

Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Quick Preview PDF
Publication Date
Wed Apr 01 2015
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
The role of journalism in the fight against terrorism

The media plays an important role in a number of functions performed by them. Press is one of those media which had and still have a clear role in addressing the various issues, topics, and events. Journalism is no longer as expressed by owners of the liberal theory – it seeks to raise the instincts – but it began to excite the minds of readers to meet their needs. At the same time, it does not neglect the search for the truth and work to deliver it to readers. Some have identified a set of tasks carried out by the press including the interest in public affairs, the needs of the community, work to provide happiness, what is beneficial and useful and combat the negative phenomenon and to address the deviations facing society. The comi

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Thu Feb 04 2016
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Market Research And Consumer Protection
Study in the procedural provisions of the action consumption incidents A comparative study Under Iraqi Consumer Protection Act No. 1 of 2010.: Study in the procedural provisions of the action consumption incidents A comparative study Under Iraqi Consumer Protection Act No. 1 of 2010.

This research Sheds highlights the procedural protections that must be enjoyed by the consumer in the face of the product, which is the protection of no less dangerous than the substantive protection of our obligations and duties delivered by the legislature upon the product of consumer interest, what is the benefit of the right if the access road to him complicated, so know The consumer has a right to the face of the product, but leaves the claim, either to ignorance For access to this right either to the difficulty of connecting to him.
That this research modest attempt we tried through which to focus on the way to the consumer behavior of arrived right, as we tried to highlight the weaknesses and the complexity of the procedure to

... Show More
View Publication
Publication Date
Tue Dec 22 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
أثر تطوير معايير التدقيق العراقية في الإيفاء بمتطلبات الإصلاح ومناهضة الفساد: دراسة مقارنة تحليلية مع وضع إطار مقترح لتعديل دليل التدقيق العراقي رقم(6) بشأن تخطيط عملية التدقيق والإشراف عليه

The research aimed to statement, which impact that the development of Iraqi auditing standards in the fight against corruption and to fulfill the reform requirements by conducting a comparative study analysis with a framework proposal to amend the Iraqi Audit directory number statement (6) issued by the Accounting and Auditing Standards Board of the Republic of Iraq dated 08/24/2002 on audit planning and supervision on the basis of the latest versions of international auditing standards in this regard.

The researchers concluded that there is a need to update the standards (evidence) audit accredited in the Republic of Iraq in accordance with international auditing standards to meet the requirements of the report of the external a

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Mon May 29 2017
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Market Research And Consumer Protection
APPLICATION OF TQM REQUIREMENTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE INTERNAL CUSTOMER/ COMPARATIVE STUDY.: APPLICATION OF TQM REQUIREMENTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE INTERNAL CUSTOMER/ COMPARATIVE STUDY.

This study aims to Statement of the relationship between Total Quality Management philosophy and Organizational performance from the point of view of the internal customer. A comparison has been made between two companies, one of which applies the requirements of TQM well and the other does not apply these requirements as the (General Company for Electrical Industries/ Diyala) and (General Company for Electrical Industries/ Baghdad) to conduct the search, During the questionnaire prepared for this purpose and distributed to a sample of 30 employees in the General Company for Electric Industries/ Diyala and (20) employees of the General Company for Electrical Industries/ Baghdad. Their answers were analyzed using a simple correlation coef

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Thu Jun 15 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Legal Sciences
The Reliance Damages for Depending Upon the Contract - An Analytical Comparative Study with the Iraqi Civil Law

The reliance damages for depending upon the contract are considered as a type of damages arising from the breach of the contract, which are included within the common law remedies for the damage and loss suffered by the non-breaching party. It is worth-bearing in mind that the reliance damages are monetary in nature, and different from such equitable remedies as the specific performance and the injunction which are of real nature. It is to be noted that this piece of research is dedicated to study the concept of the reliance damages in the English law, as well as their states, the judicial doctrines upon which this type of damages is based, and the manner how the courts estimate them. Compared with situation of the Iraqi civil law No. (4

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Tue Feb 26 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
Role of the General Dudget in the Achievement of Sustainable Development: دراسة تحليلية مقارنة للموازنة العامة العراقية

The traditional method adopted in the preparation of the general budget in Iraq is not consistent with developments in the size specification response and spending and the associated weakness in the size of the amounts earmarked for investment projects which could adversely affect future generations and not to enable them to continue the development, which requires talking to estimate the adoption of style public expenditure in the state budget and reduce waste and extravagant where and invest public revenues of the state in investment projects and preservation of the environment and natural resources in order to ensure the benefit of future generations system, according to the system serves to achieve the overwhelming majority of member

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Wed Oct 07 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Legal Sciences
The Occupier's Civil Liability in the English Law. An Analytical Comparative Study with the Iraqi Civil Law

The occupier’s civil liability in English law is considered as one of the main types of the responsibility imposed by the law of Torts. and is regarded as a special system of the civil liability arising from negligence, as well as two other systems, that is to say , the employer’s non-contractual liability and  The liability from defective products. It is worth-bearing in mind that the common law has imposed on the occupier of the premises a duty of safety towards those who enter his premises. And two English legislations have been enacted later to regulate this type of liability legislatively, namely, the Occupier's liability Act 1957 and the Occupier's liability Act 1984. Whereas the Iraqi civil law No. 40 of 1951 has regulate

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Wed May 29 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Legal Sciences
The Methodology of UAETrans Civil Actions Law Concerning Tort: An Analytical Comparative Study in Islamic Jurisprudence

This paper deals with the position of the UAE Civil Transactions Law No. 5 of 1985 on the harmful act and how it dealt with this subject, and we know that the direct historical source of the civil transactions law is the Jordanian Civil Code. Some texts are quoted literally from this law. The Jordanian civil law is clearly influenced by the jurisprudence of Hanafi and the jurisprudential jurisprudence, while the general orientation of the UAE legislator is to adopt the most appropriate solutions in the jurisprudence with the introduction of the Maliki and Hanbali and Hanafi and Shafei, in the absence of legislation to rule the matter, the authors of the law The United Arab Emirates have changed some of the texts passed on to the Jordania

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Mon Dec 25 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Legal Sciences
The legal framework for the process of monitoring the electoral register a In the comparative countries and Iraq : A Comparative Study

This study entitled (The legal framework for the process of monitoring the electoral register (a comparative study between Egypt and Iraq)) shows the importance of monitoring the right to participate in political life and public affairs، as all electoral legislation in democratic countries is keen on the integrity، integrity and legitimacy of elections، and one of the most important guarantees of this  Existence of effective oversight at every stage of the electoral process، including the preliminary stage. Oversight is the process of collecting and inventorying information about the electoral processes in all its stages، by following an organized mechanism in collecting information on each stage، which is then used to issue o

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Thu Feb 11 2021
Journal Name
Journal Of Legal Sciences
The effect of privatization on general Revenues of State Budget Comparative Study

The major countries have a lot of financial burdens as a result of their public expenditure to run their public facilities and implement their obligations in this regard. Countries may need to maximize their public revenues to meet their expenditures and increase the privatization policy according to the legal concept of selling their facilities or public companies. That the public revenues of the state and the shortcomings of the view of the pro-privatization as a means to increase the financial revenues of the state and the loss suffered by the States because of the fertility of its facilities and companies to the public and especially the elites of them because it will deprive them of the revenue fixed constant It flows into the state

... Show More
Crossref (1)
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF