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جريمة الرشوة دراسة مقارنة بأحكام الشريعة الإسلامية واتفاقية مكافحة الفساد: دراسة مقارنة

     ليس ثمة شك في أن المصالح الضرورية هي ما يضطر إليها الخلق لتنظيم معاشهم وحفظ معادهم ، فإذا اختل أحد هذه المصالح أختل نظام المصالح ، وحلت الفوضى محل التوازن بقدر هذا الاختلال ، وظاهر من هذا الامر أن هذه المصالح لها تعلقان ، تعلق بحفظ مصالح الفرد ، وتعلق بحفظ مصالح المجتمع ، والمصلحة العامة في الشريعة مقدمة على المصلحة الخاصة عند التعارض.

     وشُرعت الاحكام لتحقيق هذه المصالح فهي مصالح الخلق باعتبار ، ومقاصد الشرع باعتبار ثان ، وللوسائل المفضية إليها حكم هذه المقاصد والوسائل المشروعة أما لجلب منفعة أو لدرء مفسدة ، فإذا خالف قصد المكلف قصد الشارع من تشريعه الاحكام وقع باطلاً ، ويتوصل إلى معرفة مشروعية الأسباب عن طريقين ، أحدهما : الشرع ، وثانيهما : العقل والادراك بالعقل أما ضروري أو نظري .

     فإذا كانت المصالح هي علل الاحكام بمعنى أن الاحكام شرعت لتحصيلها إن ادركها العقل كان طريق العلم بالأحكام عقلياً ، ويدعم اتجاه العقل ورود الشرع مؤيداً له ، والعقل قد يدرك المصلحة أو المفسدة بالضرورة أي بدون توقف على نظر أو تأمل ، كإدراك العقل حسن العلم والعدل وقبح الجهل والظلم ، ... وقد يدركها بالنظر والتأمل ويدخل في هذا النطاق كل الحوادث والجزيئيات التي تتأثر بتغير الأزمان والأعراف وتبدل الاحوال والأماكن " ويدخل في هذا النطاق جرائم الرشوة والاختلاس والتزوير ، ونحوها من الجرائم الواقعة على الأموال الماسة بالمصلحة العامة " .

     أما المشرع فيعلم به ما يتوقف ادراك حسنه وقبحه على وروده ، كالمسائل المتعلقة بالعبادات والأمور التعبدية والغيبيات ... ، ويأتي الشرع مؤكداً لاتجاه العقل في ضرورة حفظ مصالح الفرد والمجتمع ، والمجتمع من خلال تشريع الاحكام التي لا يتأثر حسنها أو قبحها بتغير الأزمان والأماكن والأعراف ، كما في الحدود فهي أحكام لا تقبل التبديل أو الاسقاط أو الصلح أو الاجراء ، لأن الإخلال يها يلزم منه الإخلال بمصالح المجتمع ، من هذا المنطلق يمكن إدراك عظمة الشريعة وقدرتها على حماية مصالح الفرد والمجتمع بشكل متوازن .

     وبناءً على ذلك فقد منح الشرع للمشرع الزمني أن يحدد الأفعال التي تشكل تهديداً للمصالح العامة أو الخاصة أو كليهما ، وهذه الأفعال ليست على نمط واحد ، فمنها من نص الشارع الحكيم على تجريمها دون أن ينص على عقوبة محددة لها كالرشوة ، ومنها من لم ينص على تجريمها وعقوبتها كإساءة استعمال السلطة واستغلال النفوذ.

     وتمثل جريمة الرشوة اعتداء على مقاصد الشرع وما يرمي إليه من الوئام والتواصي بالحق والتعاون على البر والتقوى ، واعتداءً على المصالح العامة وتهديداً لها ، وإخلالاً بمفهوم الوظيفة العامة ، لقياسها أساساً على فكرة الاتجار بأعمال الوظيفية أو استغلالها على نحو غير مشروع يتنافى معه أهدافها ، لأن الجهد والعمل هو الأساس في الكسب في حين أن الرشوة هي كسب للأموال بغير جهد أو عمل ، لذا كانت المصلحة المحمية فيها هي المحافظة على هيبة الوظيفة وكرامتها وحسن سير العمل في المرافق العامة من اجل تحقيق الغاية المرجوة من مباشرة النشاط الوظيفي ، فجريمة الرشوة تعرقل نشاط الدولة وتؤثر على اجهزتها المختلفة في أداء نشاطها الطبيعي المرسوم لها ، لمساسها بالعلاقة الوظيفية القائمة بين المرفق العام والموظف ، فالوظيفة هي : مجموعة من المهام والواجبات والمسؤوليات التي ينظر إليها على أنها تكليف مطلوب من الأفراد انجازه[1] ، والإخلال بتلك العلاقة يفضي إلى انحراف الوظيفة عن أهدافها ، وهذا يتنافى مع المصلحة العامة التي تحرص على حماية النشاط الوظيفي من أي انحراف مهما كانت طبيعته أو وصفه[2] .

 

[1] Flipo , personnel , management , 1984 , p14 etc

[2] د.مأمون محمد سلامة ، قانون العقوبات - القسم الخاص  ، الجرائم المضرة بالمصلحة العامة  ، دار الفكر العربي ، القاهرة – مصر ، 1982م ، ص 100 – 101 .

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