The occupier’s civil liability in English law is considered as one of the main types of the responsibility imposed by the law of Torts. and is regarded as a special system of the civil liability arising from negligence, as well as two other systems, that is to say , the employer’s non-contractual liability and  The liability from defective products. It is worth-bearing in mind that the common law has imposed on the occupier of the premises a duty of safety towards those who enter his premises. And two English legislations have been enacted later to regulate this type of liability legislatively, namely, the Occupier's liability Act 1957 and the Occupier's liability Act 1984. Whereas the Iraqi civil law No. 40 of 1951 has regulate

The economic tortious liability in the English law is based upon economic Torts are considered as a type of the ancient and deep-rooted torts, aiming at breaching the rules of legal and equitable trade competition. and which are included in the customary English law of torts, based upon the judicial precedents decided by English courts. It is worth-bearing in mind that the economic torts are classified into two main types.  That is to say, the general economic torts and the misrepresentation economic torts. Whereas the Iraqi legislator left the regulation of the illegal competition to the general rules of the delictual liability in the Iraqi civil law No. (40) of 1951.

At present, a scientific certificate has great importance as an indicator of the level of the educational qualification of a person, and a criterion on the basis of which job appointments are made. The title is granted by the scientific certificate. The status of the scientific certificate has had a dual effect. On the one hand, it encouraged persons to pursue educational attainment in order to obtain the highest scientific degrees and the associated moral and material advantages, and on the other hand. It prompted some to seek scientific degrees by any means or method and at any price in order to benefit from these advantages. This situation led to the emergence of unlicensed and fake universities that do not have a real presence on rea

Police play an important role in any society. Where they maintain public order by stopping and deterring crime and bringing criminals to justice. In order to achieve these objectives, they have certain means of law (search, arrest, use of force that may be lethal in some cases). However, such means may be misused in a way that harms members of society such as (Exceeding the Scope of a search warrant, violation of privacy of individuals, False Imprisonment, Excessive use of force, Sudden Deaths in custody, Sexual Assault and Harassment, Failure to respond for Domestic violence calls), which raises the civil liability of police officers and their agencies for such damage. Police officers may even abuse their characteristics even outside offic

The bailment is one of the well-established legal systems of the English common law, and which included the distinguished characteristics of both the law of contract and the law of property. It is worth-mentioning that this legal system has acquired those common features of these two prominent legal systems, which form an important part of the common law. By the judicial precedents made by English courts. And these precedents have adopted two different and divergent attitudes towards the qualification of the legal nature of bailment in English law . Whereas the Iraqi civil law No. (40) of 1951 regulated the legal rules of the bailment, considering it as a real contract, the conclusion of which requires the availability of four basic elem

This study is about the subject of exclusion of the application of foreign law as it violates the Islamic Sharia law in terms of Article (27) of the UAE Civil Transactions Law as amended in 2020, which before that date included all disputes involving a foreigner. According to the amendment referred to, the application of Islamic Sharia law shall be limited to civil transactions with the exclusion of personal status affairs.

The study concluded with many results, the most important of which is that the current text of Article (27) of the Civil Transactions Law as amended in 2020 is unable to explain what the judge may do in cases where the foreign law jurisdiction is referred to in one of the excluded texts, namely those related t

The contracts in restraint of trade are considered as void contracts according to the English common law, that is to say, they are prima facie void. Because their voidness is presumed and based upon a rebuttable presumption that these contracts are contrary to the public policy in principle. Owing to the unreasonableness of the  Restraint of Trade conditions or terms in which they are included. But if it is proved that they satisfy the requirements of reasonableness, in accordance with the contracting parties, and both the temporal and spatial extent of their coming into effect, as well as the public interest. The court will validate them. It is also worth-bearing in mind that this type of contracts fall under contracts void at comm

The legal basis for the obligation of the innkeeper to ensure the safety of things does not pose any problem, because the comparative legislation was organized by explicit legal texts, but the problem arises with regard to the legal basis of the innkeeper's obligation to ensure the physical safety of the guest, as these legislation lacked explicit provisions about it, and left the organization of the general rules, which Open the door to jurisprudence, where the foundations laid by the jurists, within the scope of civil law, unlike the English legislator, which organized it as a general duty in the landlord law of 1957, and some consumer protection laws implicitly referred to the obligation of the innkeeper To ensure the safety of the bo

Taxes are   the most important public revenues, especially in the context of state intervention and the transformation of the tax from a mere financial tool only into an economic and social guidance tool. Therefore, all countries are keen to preserve this revenue by creating a clear legal system on tax assignment and collection mechanisms, and controlling cases of tax evasion.

The tax administration applies   several methods to determine the tax base, which differ from one tax to another, and from one tax system to another. The most important of these methods are the tax returns declared by the taxpayers   ,  one of these  methods also  is to determine the tax base directly by the tax

Quasi-contract is considered as one of the well-established legal systems of the English Common law of customary origins, which is unwritten and based upon judicial precedents of the English courts. It is worth-bearing in mind that the legal basis of quasi-contract passed into two different stages: in the first stage the English judicature, supported by some juristic opinions regarded it as an implied Contract made by courts to prevent one party from being unjustly enriched at the expense of the other. Whereas in the second stage the English judicature considered it as an independent source of obligation، based upon the law of restitution. and having nothing to do with the law of contract. The Iraqi civil law No. (40) of 1951 regulated