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The Causes Influencing the Occurrence of Variation Orders in the Construction of Buildings
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In the construction of buildings usually, problems occur because of the causes of change orders. The main causer of change orders is the owners, consultants, and contractors. These changes lead to conflicts among them which result in influencing building projects. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the causes of change orders to reduce them and facilitate management. This paper determines the most critical factors that cause change orders from a different point of view, a consulting owner and a contractor, and a study of the reality of the management of change orders when constructing public buildings. The method employed in this research is a field survey using interviews with experts working in the construction of public buildings. Furthermore, the questionnaire was distributed manually and electronically.

In conclusion, it would appear that the causes of change orders have been hierarchically according to the viewpoint of the owner, contractor, and consultant. The analysis leads to the following conclusions: Agreement of viewpoints owners, contractors, and consultants on the critical causes of variation orders were: ( the difficult financial situation - change material specifications to benefit the project - technical necessity  - the nature of the site). Moreover, the point of view (owners and contractors) on the essential factors that cause change orders were: (preparing a bill of quantities is inaccurate - weak consultant guess ). In contrast, the consultant's point of view differs, as he considers these causes ineffective. It can be interpreted that the consultant sees these factors as insignificant because of his duty to implement the bill of quantities and designs. This research paper concludes that a complex causal relationship exists between the causes of change orders. The relative importance index (RII) for variation order causes varies among different groups' viewpoints (owners, contractors, and consultants).

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Publication Date
Sat Jan 12 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
The relationship between the economic structure and the development of the spatial structure Abu Ghraib District
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The phenomenon of spatial variation in the economic, social and urban development levels is considered prevalent in most of the economic and social systems,this relates to the concentration of most of those activities in certain regions and because of their rarity in other regions , that led to the emergence of the problem of the sharp contrast between the most developed areas and least developed areas within the same region or within the regions of the same country,
Reduction of this variables , in addition to the development of areas through following up and relying on an effective regional development enabling to reduce unemployment as well as to stop the migration of the unplanned for population,
And the ideal use of available

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Publication Date
Wed Oct 30 2024
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Science
Determining the Relationship between the Crescent Visibility Factors and the Coordinates of the Sun and Moon
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The study of the relationship between the coordinates of the sun and the moon with the crescent visibility factors has not been previously treated in a detailed and accurate way in  research and previous studies, despite its religious importance. Accordingly, this paper aims to study the relationship between the crescent visibility factors (age, lag time, elongation (ARCL), arc of vision or relative altitude (ARCV), relative azimuth (DAZ), and crescent width (W), with coordinates of the sun and the moon), and how it varies during the day of the crescent's observation. In this paper, Matlab programs were designed to calculate the ecliptic sun and moon coordinates (λ, β) and in the presence of all perturbation impacts (planets), th

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Publication Date
Sat Sep 30 2017
Journal Name
College Of Islamic Sciences
The ignorant poem and the body language: (The sieve of the Sikkhar sieve is a model)
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This study is marked by: The ignorant poem and body language
 Its main objective is to reveal the manifestations of this language in the text mentioned, and accordingly, the sieve poem has been read semantic (semantic) and hermeneutic, revealing the poet's ability to employ symbols and signals (body language) in the poem chosen for this purpose; The existence of such language in pre-Islamic poetry. After a long reflection and reading, the signs and symbols of the physical movement of the body, and its feminine and aesthetic manifestations were identified, and this was achieved through the use of modern critical methodologies that directly affect this language. The study consisted of an introduction and three topics, followed by t

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Publication Date
Sat Dec 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
The role of TD-ABC approach in decreasing of cost per unit: Applied study in the General company of Hydraulic Industries \ Plastic Factory
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The aim of the research is to use this technique and to determine the effect of this method in reduce cost per unit of the company. The traditional method used in the company the research sample to determine the indirect costs, the definition of the concepts and characteristics of the method of cost-based activity and the cost method based on time-driven activity and justifications applied to companies.   In order to achieve the research objectives, the main hypotheses were formulated. That was represented: (The applied of (TDABC) Time driven activity based costing method in reducing indirect costs, leads reduce cost per unit than the use of the traditional method of allocating indirect costs in the research sample company).&nb

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Publication Date
Tue Jun 30 2009
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering
Application of Neural Network in the Identification of the Cumulative Production from AB unit in Main pays Reservoir of South Rumaila Oil Field.
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A common field development task is the object of the present research by specifying the best location of new horizontal re-entry wells within AB unit of South Rumaila Oil Field. One of the key parameters in the success of a new well is the well location in the reservoir, especially when there are several wells are planned to be drilled from the existing wells. This paper demonstrates an application of neural network with reservoir simulation technique as decision tool. A fully trained predictive artificial feed forward neural network (FFNNW) with efficient selection of horizontal re-entry wells location in AB unit has been carried out with maintaining a reasonable accuracy. Sets of available input data were collected from the exploited g

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Publication Date
Sat Jan 01 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of The Mechanical Behavior Of Materials
Time and finance optimization model for multiple construction projects using genetic algorithm
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Abstract<p>Construction contractors usually undertake multiple construction projects simultaneously. Such a situation involves sharing different types of resources, including monetary, equipment, and manpower, which may become a major challenge in many cases. In this study, the financial aspects of working on multiple projects at a time are addressed and investigated. The study considers dealing with financial shortages by proposing a multi-project scheduling optimization model for profit maximization, while minimizing the total project duration. Optimization genetic algorithm and finance-based scheduling are used to produce feasible schedules that balance the finance of activities at any time w</p> ... Show More
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Publication Date
Sun Apr 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Construction Engineering And Management
Developing a Decision-Making Framework to Select Safety Technologies for Highway Construction
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Publication Date
Wed Jun 01 2011
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The relationship of empowering workers with organizational performanceField research of the views of the scientific leaders of a number of colleges at the University of Baghdad
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The Strategy of employees' empowerment, organizational performance and total quality management represent three informative which were and still the hub of many studies and researches including the current study. The higher education is considered one of the most important services sectors and the main development as well as the civil progress in the society. It is the main source that provides the organizations with the human resources having scientific or practical professions. So Higher Education has been chosen especially Baghdad University as a sample of the study. The study problem is concentrated to find answers of the following   questions: What the level of the powers mandate in the organization concerning the

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Publication Date
Sat Feb 07 2026
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
The Role of Media Coverage of the Iraqi Satellite Channels in Shaping Public Attitudes towards Terrorism (a Field Study of a Sample of an Audience of the City of Baghdad)
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Violence is one of the most serious threats facing societies because it affects their internal structure and threatens the security and stability of society. It is classified as one of the types of security crises that are emerging in Arab and Islamic societies in particular, and in most countries of the world in general.

The threat of this crisis is increasing. Terrorism is considered as one of the most serious aspects of that all the countries of the world, currently, suffer from. The terrorism has begun to penetrate deep into society in one way or another starting from the Second World War, which led to the emergence of leftist movements in Western Europe, Japan, France, Italy and other countries as a result of emerging ideas

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Publication Date
Sun Oct 01 2017
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
Employ of Public Relations in Building Awareness of Security against Terrorism A Survey of the Employees of the Directorate General of Public Relations and Media at the Ministry of Interior
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This study aims at identifying the role played by Public Relations in the field of security awareness of the dangers of terrorism. The research is directed to the employees at the Directorate General of Public Relations and Media at the Ministry of Interior. And that on the basis that those who play an important role in the security awareness are the security institutions, primarily the Ministry of Interior, since this Directorate is responsible for all subjects related to the public security using public relations science. It aims at identifying the functions, methods and communication tools used by the Directorate to raise awareness about the dangers of terrorism. In order to achieve the research objectives, the researcher uses the sur

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