The flow measurements have increased importance in the last decades due to the shortage of water resources resulting from climate changes that request high control of the available water needed for different uses. The classical technique of open channel flow measurement by the integrating-float method was needed for measuring flow in different locations when there were no available modern devices for different reasons, such as the cost of devices. So, the use of classical techniques was taken place to solve the problem. The present study examines the integrating float method and defines the parameters affecting the acceleration of floating spheres in flowing water that was analyzed using experimental measurements. The method was investigated theoretically, as well as many experimental tests in a fixed floor laboratory flume were conducted. Different sizes of solid plastic spheres with different weights were used as floats to measure velocities and then discharge computation. The results indicate that the integrating-float technique is feasible and accurate for measuring low flow velocity in open channels. It was desirable to use small floats with specific gravity closer to unity to get more accurate results. The measured velocities and the estimated discharges were compared with discharges obtained using some other common laboratory measuring techniques. Good agreement was obtained between the integrating-float method results with the results of velocities obtained using other measurement techniques, with an error of less than 2.5%.
Contamination of surface and groundwater with excessive concentrations of fluoride is of significant health hazard. Adsorption of fluoride onto waste materials of no economic value could be a potential approach for the treatment of fluoride-bearing water. This experimental and modeling study was devoted to investigate for the first the fluoride removal using unmodified waste granular brick (WGB) in a fixed bed running in continuous mode. Characterization of WGB was carried out by FT-IR, SEM, and EDX analysis. The batch mode experiments showed that they were affected by several parameters including contact time, initial pH, and sorbent dosage. The best values of these parameters that provided maximum removal percent (82%) with the in
... Show MoreThis research reports an error analysis of close-range measurements from a Stonex X300 laser scanner in order to address range uncertainty behavior based on indoor experiments under fixed environmental conditions. The analysis includes procedures for estimating the precision and accuracy of the observational errors estimated from the Stonex X300 observations and conducted at intervals of 5 m within a range of 5 to 30 m. The laser 3D point cloud data of the individual scans is analyzed following a roughness analysis prior to the implementation of a Levenberg–Marquardt iterative closest points (LM-ICP) registration. This leads to identifying the level of roughness that was encountered due to the range-finder’s limitations in close
... Show MoreThis paper describes the use of microcomputer as a laboratory instrument system. The system is focused on three weather variables measurement, are temperature, wind speed, and wind direction. This instrument is a type of data acquisition system; in this paper we deal with the design and implementation of data acquisition system based on personal computer (Pentium) using Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)bus. The design of this system involves mainly a hardware implementation, and the software programs that are used for testing, measuring and control. The system can be used to display the required information that can be transferred and processed from the external field to the system. A visual basic language with Microsoft foundation cl
... Show MoreLet A ⊆ V(H) of any graph H, every node w of H be labeled using a set of numbers; , where d(w,v) denotes the distance between node w and the node v in H, known as its open A-distance pattern. A graph H is known as the open distance-pattern uniform (odpu)-graph, if there is a nonempty subset A ⊆V(H) together with is the same for all . Here is known as the open distance pattern uniform (odpu-) labeling of the graph H and A is known as an odpu-set of H. The minimum cardinality of vertices in any odpu-set of H, if it exists, will be known as the odpu-number of the graph H. This article gives a characterization of maximal outerplanar-odpu graphs. Also, it establishes that the possible odpu-number of an odpu-maximal outerplanar graph i
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