Cesarean section, which was introduced into clinical practice as a lifesaving procedure for both the mother and the baby, is one of the most common surgeries performed in modern obstetrics. Formerly it was performed in interest of the mother; currently it is frequently done for fetal indication. As other procedures of some complexity, its use follows the health care inequity pattern of the world; underuse in low income setting, and adequate or even unnecessary use in middle and high income setting (1).
The first modern cesarean section was performed by German gynecologist Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer in 1881. Cesarean section is often performed when a vaginal delivery would put the baby's or mother's life or health at risk. Many are also performed upon request (2).
Pregnancy and delivery are considered a normal physiological state in women; however, of all deliveries approximately 10% are considered high risk, some of which may require Cesarean section (3).
The cesarean delivery rate has increased throughout the world. Cesarean rates have increased over the past 40 years from approximately 5% to more than 30% in many industrialized countries (4). The cesarean rate is approximately 21.1% for the most developed regions of the globe, 14.3% for the less developed regions, and 2% for the least developed regions (5).
Recent studies reaffirm earlier recommendations of the world health organization (WHO), about optimal C-section rates, addressing that the best outcomes of mothers and babies appear to occur with C-section rates of 5% to 10%, while rates above 15% seem to do more harm than good (6).
In US the cesarean rate increased dramatically during the 1970s and early 1980s this may be accredited to the improved technology in detecting pre-birth distress, and began to decline in the late 1980s (based on data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey). Between 1989 and 1996 the total cesarean rate decreased as a result of a decrease in the primary rate and an increase in the rate of vaginal birth after Cesarean (VBAC). Since 1996, these trends have reversed, and increases have been rapid and sustained for primary and repeat Cesareans over the past decade (7).
According to the Iraq Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2006 (Iraq MICS 2006) (8), about 20% of births were delivered by C-section (Table 1). Moreover, a brief and rapid survey of C-sections in Baghdad Teaching Hospital, a tertiary referral hospital, indicated that the emergency C-sections account only for 62.2% of the total number of C-sections performed outside the working hours during April 2010 (9).
Experiments were conducted to study axial liquid dispersion coefficient in slurry bubble column of 0.15 m inside diameter and 1.6 m height using perforated plate gas distributor of 54 holes of a size equal to 1 mm diameter and with a 0.24 free area of holes to the cross sectional area of the column. The three phase system consists of air, water and PVC used as the solid phase. The effect of solid loading (0, 30 and 60 kg/m3) and solid diameter (0.7, 1.5 and 3 mm) on the axial liquid dispersion coefficient at different axial location (25, 50 and 75 cm) and superficial gas velocity covered homogeneous-heterogeneous flow regime (1-10 cm/s) were studied in the present work. The results show that the axial liquid dispersion coeffic
... Show MoreBackground :The incidence of bile ducts injuries( BDI )has risen from) 0.1 to 0.2%( to) 0.4 to 0.6% ( between the era of open cholecystectomy( O C) and the age of laoaroscopic cholycystectomy( LC.) The aim of the study is to review the management and surgical outcome of the bile duct injuries in gastroenterology and hepatology teaching hospital .Methods: This study is Prospective, done in G.I.T hospital ,From January 2008 –to –February 2011, patients included in this study had prevouse history of cholecystectomy which followed by sign and symptoms of bile duct injures .Most patients have been reffered from other hospitals,supprting therapy were given to them and investigations performed to evaluate the the type of injureis ,minor inj
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The current research aims to identify the role of family upbringing methods in shaping adolescent gender identity disorder, to identify the causes, components, and disorders of the gender identity of adolescents, and to develop practical visions and suggestions to reduce and stop gender identity disorder completely. Due to the sensitivity of the topic, a questionnaire of five open-ended questions was posted on Facebook to collect the needed data, where (20) respondents answered these questions. The researcher took these (20) respondents as the study sample. The results revealed that excessive emancipation within the family, failure to employ family protection laws, and failure to monitor and follow up on
... Show MoreFemtosecond laser pulse propagation in monomode optical fibers is demonstrated and investigated numerically (by simulations) and experimentally in this paper. A passively mode locked Nd:glass laser giving a pulse duration of about 200 fsec at 1053 nm wavelength and 120 mW average optical power with 100 MHz repetition rate is used in the experimental work. Numerical simulations are done by solving the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with the aid of Matlab program. The results show that self phase modulation (SPM) leads to compression of the spectral width from 5 nm to 2.1 nm after propagation of different optical powers (34, 43, 86 and 120 mW) in fibers of different length (5, 15, 35 m). The varying optical powers produced a varying
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Pumping a BBO crystal by a violet diode laser with a wavelength of (405 nm) output power of (24 mW) and a line width of (3nm) was employed to generate entangled photons with a wavelength of 810 nm by achieving type II phase matching conditions.The coincidence count rate obtained in this experiment was in the range of (18000) counts/s. Two BBO crystals with different thicknesses of (4 mm and 2 mm) were tested, where maximum count rates of about (18000) counts/s was obtained with a (5*5*2) mm BBO crystal where the short coherence time for the pumping source was tolerated by using shorter BBO crystals. Also, the effect of compensating crystal on the walk-off effect was studied. The coincidence count rates were increased by using these crystal
... Show MoreEnamel White Spot Lesions (EWSLs) are a common dental condition characterized by being opaque or chalky white in appearance. In this review, an overview of the etiology, prevention, and treatment techniques for EWSLs is presented. Enamel demineralization caused by bacteria in dental plaque which releases acids upon the consumption of fermentable carbohydrates causing mineral loss is thought to be the main cause of those lesions, which could be predisposed through orthodontic treatment, poor diet, inadequate oral hygiene and certain medical conditions. So, sustaining an adequate carbohydrate consumption, proper fluoride exposure and good oral hygiene are some of the practices which aid in these lesions’ prevention. Although the suc
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This study aims at identifying the correlation between digital transformation and knowledge building in educational institutions, as well as finding the influence relationship between digital transformation and knowledge building in educational institutions and knowing the dimensions of digital transformation that have the most impact in improving the level of knowledge building, and by adopting the methodological descriptive analysis method in the Ministry of Education. Education and educational institutions in Baghdad. This research deals with digital transformation as an independent variable according to two dimensions (digital adaptability and digital readiness). Knowledge building was adopted as an approved variable using the s
... Show MoreAt present, numerous novel chemical compounds face challenges related to their limited solubility in aqueous environments. These compounds are classified under the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) as either class II or class IV substances. Different carriers were used to increase their solubility. Candesartan cilexetil (CC) is one of the most widely used antihypertensive drugs, which belongs to class II drugs. The aim of this research was to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of CC through a complexation approach involving β-cyclodextrin and its derivatives, specifically hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), methyl beta cyclodextrin (M-β-CD), and sulfonyl ether beta-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD), serving as
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Asthma is chronic inflammatory disease affecting 5% of world population. Characterized by eosinophilic type2 inflammation. FKBP51 immunophilin, important modular protein of glucocorticoid receptor (GR). We aimed to evaluate immunocytochemical localization of GR and FKBP51 in induced sputum cells by using immunocytochemical method and immunofluorescent ant-FKBP51 and anti –GR antibody and estimation of IgE and Type 2 inflammatory cytokine IL-5,IL-13 by ELISA technique.GR in the sputum show non-significant decrease of cytoplasmic distribution of the patient groups and highly significant increase in steroid treated patients and non-significant increase in nuclear distribution in non-steroid, FKBP51 nuclear localization show non-significant i
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