Background: Tobacco smoking and tuberculosis (TB) are two major public health problems; Associations between smoking and tuberculosis including death from tuberculosis have been reported , A reduction in smoking could be expected to have a significant impact on TB incidence and prevalence .
Objectives: to assess the effect of smoking on tuberculosis.
Methods: This study was conducted from June 2011 to June 2012 in 200 patients, adult ( aged 17 years and more), newly diagnosed patients of pulmonary tuberculosis, at the chest and Respiratory Disease Specialized Center in Baghdad. Demographic data, presenting symptoms, data on smoking, and recurrence of disease were compared. Information on smoking status, tobacco smoking was collected from patients using a specialized questionnaire.
Smoking categories were grouped into ever for current / past smokers) and never.
Results: A total of 200 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, including 116 smokers and 84 non-smokers, were evaluated. The smokers were higher than non-smokers. Smokers were mostly male (p=0.001) there was statistically difference (P value = 0.05) for the duration of smoking, and for the number of cigarettes per day (p < 0.001). Regarding the symptoms of TB, there was statistically difference in occurrence of hemoptysis (P value 0.034) but there was no statistically difference between smokers and non-smokers in relapse rate.
Conclusion: We conclude that smoking may increase the risk of pulmonary TB in men. The risk increase with increasing the duration of smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked. Hemoptysis significantly different with regard to the patients’ smoking status.
Wohlfahrtia longicorpuris sp. nov., from Iraq described, illustrated and distinguished from related species. The adults were reared from larvae collected from ulcer of a human face. Wohlfahrtia Brauer and Bergenstam is one of most important genus,which contains 19 species (Pape, 1998), some of these produce myiasis in mammals (Verves,1985).Taxonomic revision of this genus has been carried out by the following authors: Rohdendrof (1956), Zumpt (1965) and Pape (1996).
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The objective of this study is to verify the overall performance and evaluate the wastewater quality of the wastewater treatment plant at the Abu Ghraib Dairy Factory and compare the results with the Iraqi Quality Standards (IQS) for effluent disposal and with the national determinants of treated water use. Agricultural irrigation wastewater, which included daily assessment records of the main parameters affecting wastewater [five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (T.D.S), total suspended solids (TSS), phosphate (PO4), nitrate (NO3), hydrogen ion concentration (pH)] obtained from the quality control department of Abu Ghraib dairy plant registered from January 2017 to December 2020. Th
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Abstract
Shorten the research problem that there is no system or model to evaluate the financial performance of the departments of municipalities where it is not possible for a person or institution both to know or to know their success in terms of the financial work of failure and where it is now than those without assessing the financial performed, authorized to be and necessities FATF is the financial performance assessment, which is the work unfinished aspects without Hence the work came in this study to study and diagnose and analyze financial data in a sample of municipal departments in order to develop a model to assess the financ
In this research was conducted to provide a product to analyze the performance sensor fiber optic used to measure and feel the intensity of the electric field results showed obtained that use sensor long gives reactive high electric field strength and a high value for allergic sensor, but that is at the expense of reducing the intensity of the electric field that is detected
The Plerion nebula is characterized by its pulsar that fills the center of the supernova remnant with radio and X-ray frequencies. In our galaxy there are nine naked plerionic systems known, of which the Crab Nebula is the best-known example. It has been studied this instance in order to investigate how the pulsar energy affect on the distribution and evolution of the remnant as well as study the pulsar kick velocity and its influence on the remnant. From the obtained results it's found that, the pulsar of the Crab Nebula injects about (2−3)𝑥 1047 erg of energy to the remnant, although this energy is small compared to the supernova explosion energy which is about 1051 erg but still plays a significant role in the distribution and the m
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