النسيج عند الأقدمينخُلق الانسان على الأرض وهو جاهل بما حباه الله تعالى من نعم تحوط به، ولجهله فقد صعب عليه تسخير البيئة لصالحه، الا بعد صراع طويل وتجارب قاسية مر بها.وبمرور الزمن عرف مثلا ان جعل حزمة من الحشائش والقصب متقاطع بعضها مع البعض ييسر له إنتاج أشياء مفيدة كالسلاسل والحصران. وعرف غيره من أولي الذكاء والفطنة انه اذا مالوى الحزم وثناها وجمع بعضها الى بعض فسيكون نتاجه اشد صلابة واكثر مقاومة وهذا مانسميه اليوم بالنسيج. وكانت البيئة كريمة مع الإنسان إذ وفرت له مواد أوليّة تدخل في صناعة النسيج او صنع الملابس هي القطن والحرير والصوف والكتان.(1)بدأت صناعة النسيج بسيطة وبدائية لاتتعدى حدود البيت ثم آلت الى صناعة مهمّة وضرورية، وتحول العمل فيها الى أماكن خاصة تتولاها أيدي عمال مختصين.وتتصف ملابس الانسان في هذه المرحلة ببساطتها وافتقارها الى التانق والإبداع ودقة الصنعةصنف الأقدمون الصناعات الى نوعين،الضرورية والشريفة.وتشمل الضرورية البناء والفلاحة والخياطة والتجارة والحياكة.أمّا الصناعات الشريفة فهي التوليد والكتابة والوراقة والغناء والطرب.(2)ويذكر ابن خلدون ان ملابس العرب على نوعين:الاول-ملابس البدو، وبما انهم اناس اتسموا ببساطة عيشهم فانه من البديهي ان يميلوا الى انتقاء الثوب البسيط، وزِيّهم في اغلب الاحيان، يتألف من قماش يشتملون بهوالنوع الثاني- ملابس أهل الحضر او المستوطنين وهؤلاء يقطّعون القماش الى أقسام عدة تتلام ونسبة كل عضو في الجسم، ثم يوصلون هذه القطع بعضها مع بعض بعملية تعرف بالخياطة حيث تصبح ثوبا واحدا، وهو دليل على اهتمام أهل المدن بلباسهم ومظهرهم.اما زي الحج فهو رداء ذو قطعة واحدة حُرَّمتْ خياطته.(3)وبما ان اللباس رافق الانسان منذ زمن طويل فكان لابد وان تدخل عليه تعديلات كثيرة توازيامع تطور الانسان نفسه، فأضاف على ملابسه النقوش والزخارف، ولّونها بألوان مختلفة وراحيخصص لكل مناسبة زياً خاصاً بها. ولم تلبث الملابس ان اصبحت تعكس الصورة الاجتماعية لمرتديها وتعطي انطباعا عن الحالة الاقتصادية التي يعيشها الفرد.اشتغل كثير من أشراف العرب والمسلمين في تجارة المنسوجات مثل،ابي طالب والخليفة ابي بكر (رض)، والخليفة عمر بن الخطاب (رض) وعبد الرحمن بن عوف وعثمان بن طلحة الذي كان خياطا.(4)
The research dealt with the design of the cost accounting system for the transport service and its Role in improving the efficiency of pricing decisions through the application of the cost system based on ABC activities. The main activities were defined and cost guides were to measure the cost of each service and to determine the cost of each service for the purpose of providing management with appropriate information and pricing decisions The problem of research in the lack of adoption by some public companies in the service sector on the cost accounting system to calculate the cost of service as well as the lack of identification of productive activities and service activities and therefore cannot make the appropriate decision t
... Show MoreThe study has tackled three important variables on the strategic and organizational level, that are : (Administrative skill, strategic Entrepreneurship and organizational flexibility). Through the statistical analysis is, the research hers have sought to identify the relation among them. The study has been applied on a sample of (44) private banks in Iraq. A questionnaire, which has been designed according to a number of international standards, has been used. It's made of (29) items that cover the three variables to test their hypotheses. A number of statistical tools have been used A number of conclusion have been reached and recommendations have also been suggested.
The audit profession today gets an increasing interest by the financial , economic and legal contemporary societies , because of the importance of the technical & neutral auditor’s opinion to the financial reports beneficiaries in order to enable them making their investment decisions , but some of them whom suffered damage or loss when they made that decisions according to the mentioned financial statements which consolidated with auditor’s report , exposed the function to a responsibility and credibility crisis in addition to missing the trust especially at the latest years. They always ask why or what is the reason that cause the auditor didn’t giving us any warning signs about the economic mater for that companies.
The research aims to shed light on the amount of proceeds annual tax for each of the way the contract total and percentage of completion method - see which is better - as well as the current problems arising from the application method of the contract in full in settling accounts tax - to identify problems - related to postpone settling accounts tax in accordance with the way the contract fully and determine the advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods through practical application , and then use the results as inputs to help in the decision to confirm the continuation of the GCT using a full decade in settling accounts tax for long-term construction contracts or forgo them.
Were the result of research the existence of
... Show MoreThe research seeks to clarify the problems related to the aspects of the financial and accounting process resulting from entering into contractual arrangements with a period of more than 20 years, among which is the research problem represented by the lack of clarity of the foundations and procedures for the recognition of oil costs and additional costs borne by foreign invested companies, which led to a weakening of their credibility and reflection. Negatively "on the measurement and accounting disclosure of financial reports prepared by oil companies, and the research aims to lay down sound procedures for measuring and classifying oil costs and additional costs paid to foreign companies, and recognizing and recording them in th
... Show MoreThe objective of this research is to know the extent to which Iraqi and Arab companies apply the criteria of accounting for sustainability and disclosure, as well as to analyze the content of the annual financial reports of the companies listed in the financial market to determine their compliance with the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board )SASB(. Annual Report The commitment of telecommunications companies to implement sustainability issues related to the standard of telecommunications services reached a general average of (54%) for the sample of the research sample. This means that there is a degree of admissibility in applying the standard. As well as the highest level of reporting to the criterion of the (Jordan Telec
... Show MoreThe aim of the research is to identify the adequacy of accounting disclosure in granting bank financing in explaining the role of accounting disclosure in granting bank financing by linking the concepts of full, comprehensive and adequate disclosure to bank financing. The impact of full accounting disclosure on granting bank financing, the existence of an impact of comprehensive accounting disclosure on granting bank financing, the existence of an impact of adequate accounting disclosure on granting bank financing, and the research relied on the descriptive approach, the deductive and inductive approach, the inferential analytical approach, a
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