Objectives of the study: Assess pregnant women's knowledge about tetanus toxoid vaccination, to find out the
relationship between pregnant women's knowledge and some variables which included: (age, level of
education, occupational status, socio-economic level, gravidity, parity, following visits of antenatal care,
tetanus toxoid vaccination coverage).
Methods and Materials: Descriptive analytic study conducted on multistage probabilistic sample of 130
pregnant women during period from 30th January 2012 to the 24th April 2013 was carried out in the six primary
health care centers at Karbala city. The questionnaire was consisted of four parts which include of: sociodemographic
characteristics, reproductive information, knowledge about tetanus toxoid vaccination, sources of
information regarding tetanus toxoid vaccine. Content validity and reliability of the questionnaire were
determined through pilot study, descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data.
Results: The results of the study showed that highest percentage (29.2%) of study sample were at age group
(20-24) years, (31.5%) of them were not read and write, and (97.7%) of them were housewives. The highest
percentage (68.5%) of them were living in low socio-economic level, the highest percentage (50.8%) of study
sample were had (2–4) pregnancies, and (40.8%) of them were had (2-4) deliveries, (72.3%) of them have
irregular visits to antenatal care, (76.2%) of them have partial vaccination coverage. Their knowledge were
adequate in some items ,and inadequate in other items, (72.3%) of them were not provided with information
about tetanus toxoid vaccine about it, (61.11%) of women that provided with information answered ; doctors
were source of their information. There were statistical significant association between level of knowledge and
(Level of education and Tetanus toxoid vaccination coverage) with probability value ≤ 0.05.
Recommendations: The study recommended to enhance women's knowledge on tetanus by using the various
mass media to increase the coverage of tetanus toxoid. Encouraging the pregnant women to have regular
antenatal care visits which consider the cause to contact with sources of tetanus toxoid and hence increase the
chance of vaccination.
From a large number of bacterial samples collected from different hospital in Iraq in central health laboratory ,only ten isolates were identified primary as Vibrio. A number of morphology and biochemical test were carried out to complete this identification that showed all bacterial isolates were related to Vibrio cholerae .In this study all Vibrio isolates were investigated for Bio typing and the result showed that all (10) isolate were related to (Eltor biotypes) .Also, the susceptibility test towards eight antibiotics were carried out .
Results shows that ciprofloxacin , Norfloxacin, Erythromycin, Ampicillin, ceftriaxone and Amikacin were the most effective
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This study aims to improve the quality of satellites signals in addition to increase accuracy level delivered from handheld GPS data by building up a program to read and decode data of handheld GPS. Where, the NMEA protocol file, which stands for the National Marine Electronics Association, was generated from handheld GPS receivers in real time using in-house design program. The NMEA protocol file provides ability to choose points positions with best status level of satellites such as number of visible satellite, satellite geometry, and GPS mode, which are defined as accuracy factors. In addition to fix signal quality, least squares technique was adopted in this study to minimize the residuals of GPS observations and enh
... Show MoreWhen a vehicle is left parked in the sun for an extended period, the gathered heat causes damage to several interiors within the cabin and causes discomfort for people and animals left inside the car. In the present work, the effect of the orientation of a parked white minibus on temperature distribution and cooling load calculation is studied experimentally in an open environment. Two different cases were studied facing south and facing east. For several hours, the temperature inside the car cabin had been monitored and measured at five separate locations. The cooling load calculations are carried out based on the experimental measurements. The results show that the overheating of parked cars always happens as a result
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Adsorption capacity of a waste biomass, date stones, for phenolic compounds such as phenol (Ph) and p-nitro phenol (PNPh) was investigated. The characteristics of such waste biomass were determined and found to have a surface area and iodine number of 495.71 m²/g and 475.88 mg/g, respectively. The effects of temperature, initial sorbate concentration, and contact time on the adsorption process were studied. Experimental equilibrium data for adsorption of Ph and PNPh on date stones were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips isotherm models. The results show that the best fit was achieved with the Sips isotherm equation with maximum adsorption capacities of 147.09 and 179.62 mg/g for Ph and PNPh, respectively. The kinetic data wer
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