In this study the Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) received by pediatrics patients undergoing chest, abdomen and skull X-ray examinations was estimated. The study was conducted in two hospitals in Najaf city where three radiographic systems were considered. The study participants were classified into four age groups 0-1 , 1-5 , 5-10 and 10-15 years. Calculations were performed using exposure factors, kVp, mAs and focal-skin distance, together with patient data age. The ESD was calculated for the involved patients who underwent an Antero-posterior (AP) chest, abdomen and skull X-ray examination. The resulted data were analyzed and compared with international dose references. For all studied radiographic examinations and all X-ray machines, the ESD increases with age. The lowest recorded radiation dose was from hospital 1 machine 2. In this facility ESD ranged from 19.93 µGy to 67.66 µGy for chest X-ray, from 39.03 µGy to 82.63 µGy for abdomen (AP), and from 35.47 µGy to 94.27 µGy for skull (AP). In contrast the highest dose levels are recorded from hospital 2 machine 1; the minimum ESD for chest X-ray is 247.51 µGy and the maximum is 2393.12 µGy; for abdomen X-ray the lowest ESD is 269.05 µGy and the highest value is 5106.15 µGy; and for skull X-ray minimum values is 430.96 µGy and the maximum value is 3072.77 µGy. In conclusion, for the considered pediatrics examinations, most of ESD values are within the international acceptable level and some are higher >100% .
المنظومة الصورية والتعبير اللغوي في العرض المسرحي
The line is among a nation of civilized nations did not attain what Muslims took care
Praisebe to God, Lord of the worlds, and blessings and peace be upon the most honorable messengers, our Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and granthim peace. And after
المنظمات الدولية دراسة في منهجها وطبيعة فهمها
استخدام خامات محلية في صناعة البوادق الحرارية
استخدام العينات في بحوث وسائل الاتصال الجماهيري
الرؤية السايكلوجية وتطبيقاتها في مسرحية الشيخ والغانية
الآت الاطفال الموسيقية الشعبية والتقليدية في التربية
When writing about the Emirate of Hajj in the Arab Islamic State, one must stop at the time period of Caliph Al-Mansour