Evaporation is one of the major components of the hydrological cycle in the nature, thus its accurate estimation is so important in the planning and management of the irrigation practices and to assess water availability and requirements. The aim of this study is to investigate the ability of fuzzy inference system for estimating monthly pan evaporation form meteorological data. The study has been carried out depending on 261 monthly measurements of each of temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), and wind speed (W) which have been available in Emara meteorological station, southern Iraq. Three different fuzzy models comprising various combinations of monthly climatic variables (temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity) were developed to evaluate effect of each of these variables on estimation process. Two error statistics namely root mean squared error and coefficient of determination were used to measure the performance of the developed models. The results indicated that the model, whose input variables are T, W, and RH, perform the best for estimating evaporation values. In addition, the model which is dominated by (T) is significantly and distinctly helps to prove the predictive ability of fuzzy inference system. Furthermore, agreements of the results with the observed measurements indicate that fuzzy logic is adequate intelligent approach for modeling the dynamic of evaporation process.
Concealing the existence of secret hidden message inside a cover object is known as steganography, which is a powerful technique. We can provide a secret communication between sender and receiver using Steganography. In this paper, the main goal is for hiding secret message into the pixels using Least Significant Bit (LSB) of blue sector of the cover image. Therefore, the objective is by mapping technique presenting a model for hiding text in an image. In the model for proposing the secret message, convert text to binary also the covering (image) is divided into its three original colors, Red, Green and Blue (RGB) , use the Blue sector convert it to binary, hide two bits from the message in two bits of the least significant b
... Show MoreTo ascertain the stability or instability of time series, three versions of the model proposed by Dickie-Voller were used in this paper. The aim of this study is to explain the extent of the impact of some economic variables such as the supply of money, gross domestic product, national income, after reaching the stability of these variables. The results show that the variable money supply, the GDP variable, and the exchange rate variable were all stable at the level of the first difference in the time series. This means that the series is an integrated first-class series. Hence, the gross fixed capital formation variable, the variable national income, and the variable interest rate
... Show MoreThroughout this paper, we introduce the notion of weak essential F-submodules of F-modules as a generalization of weak essential submodules. Also we study the homomorphic image and inverse image of weak essential F-submodules.
In order to reduce the losses due to evaporation in the stored crude oil and minimizing the decrease in °API many affecting parameters were studied (i.e. Different storage system, namely batch system with different types of storage tanks under different temperatures and:or different pressures). Continuous circulation storage system was also studied. It was found that increasing pressure of the inert gas from 1 bar to 8 bar over the surface of the crude oil will decrease the percentage losses due to evaporation by (0.016%) and decrease the change of °API by (0.9) during 96 hours storage time. Similarly using covering by surfactant (potassium oleate) or using polymer (polyurethane foam) decreases the percentage evaporation losses compare
... Show MoreThe multiplicity of connotations in any paper does not mean that there is no main objective for that paper and certainly one of these papers is our research the main objective is to introduce a new connotation which is type-2 fuzzy somewhere dense set in general type-2 fuzzy topological space and its relationship with open sets of the connotation type-2 fuzzy set in the same space topology and theories of this connotation.
In this article, performing and deriving the probability density function for Rayleigh distribution by using maximum likelihood estimator method and moment estimator method, then crating the crisp survival function and crisp hazard function to find the interval estimation for scale parameter by using a linear trapezoidal membership function. A new proposed procedure used to find the fuzzy numbers for the parameter by utilizing ( to find a fuzzy numbers for scale parameter of Rayleigh distribution. applying two algorithms by using ranking functions to make the fuzzy numbers as crisp numbers. Then computed the survival functions and hazard functions by utilizing the real data application.
Background:
Generally, genetic disorders are a leading cause of spontaneous abortion, neonatal death, increased morbidity and mortality in children and adults as well. They a
significant health care and psychosocial burden for the patient, the family, the healthcare system and the community as a whole. Chromosomal abnormalities
occur much more frequently than is generally appreciated. It is estimated that approximately 1 of 200 newborn infants had some form of chromosomal
abnormality. The figure is much higher in fetuses that do not survive to term. It is estimated that in 50% of first trimester abortions, the fetus has a chromosomal
abnormality.
Aim of the study:
This study aims to she