تعددت التعاريف اللغوية والاصطلاحية لمفهوم الفساد الإداري، ويتضح من خلال هذه التعريفات عدم وجود تعريف موحد له، إلا أنه بشكل عام يشير إلى الخروج على القانون والنظام أو استغلال المال العام لتحقيق مصالح سياسية أو اقتصادية أو اجتماعية لفرد أو جماعة معينة، مما يجعله عملًا غير أخلاقي يتميز بإساءة استعمال السلطة أو الموقع الوظيفي لمنح بعض الأفراد أفضلية على الآخرين. كما يتمثل الفساد الإداري في قيام الموظف العام بارتكاب أفعال غير مشروعة تشكل إهدارًا لواجبات الوظيفة، حيث يخالف بذلك متطلبات التكليف الرسمي سعيًا لتحقيق مكاسب شخصية سواء كانت مادية أو معنوية. لم تقدم اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة لمكافحة الفساد تعريفًا مباشرًا للفساد، لكنها خصصت الفصل الثالث منها للتجريم وإنفاذ القانون، مستعيضةً عن التعريف بسرد حالات متعددة للفساد في المواد من 15 إلى 25، تاركةً للدول الأعضاء إمكانية تحديد أشكال مختلفة منه قد تنشأ مستقبلاً، وذلك نظرًا لمرونة مفهوم الفساد وإمكانية تكييفه وفقًا لاختلاف المجتمعات. ويبدو أن الاتفاقية اتبعت هذا النهج تجنبًا للتباينات السياسية والاقتصادية والثقافية بين الدول، والتي قد تعيق تبني الاتفاقية بصورة موحدة. يعد موضوع التدابير الدولية المضادة للفساد الإداري وأثرها على التشريعات العراقية من المواضيع المهمة، حيث يتناول أثر التدابير الوقائية والعلاجية التي نصت عليها اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة لمكافحة الفساد ومدى استجابة التشريعات العراقية لها، مع بيان انعكاساتها على هذه التشريعات. وقد تم تقسيم البحث إلى مبحثين، تناول الأول الأثر الوقائي للتدابير الدولية على التشريعات العراقية من خلال دراسة قانون هيئة النزاهة، وقانون المفتش العام، وقانون الرقابة المالية، ودور البرلمان. أما المبحث الثاني فقد تناول الأثر العلاجي لهذه التدابير من خلال دراسة نصوص التجريم في قانون هيئة النزاهة، وقانون العقوبات، وقانون أصول المحاكمات الجزائية، إضافة إلى القوانين الأخرى ذات الصلة بمكافحة الفساد.
أسس بناء الجهاز الاداري الكفء : قراءة في عهد الامام علي بن ابي طالب لمالك الأشتر
The aim of the current research is to study the effect of adding green tea to the edible film prepared from the whey protein isolate on the effectiveness of microorganisms and evaluating the of antimicrobial effectiveness of these films on Iraqi soft cheese packaging during the nine days of storage as an alternative to commercial packaging. At the beginning of the study, the minimum inhibitory concentration was measured by calculate the diameter of the zone of inhibition on growth of the bacteria and it's included the group of Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa) and the group of Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus Aureus, Bacillus spp) and a yeast (Candida Albican). Where the diameter of t
... Show MoreAbstract
The experiment has been carried out in the Syrian National Commission of Biotechnology, during the growing season 2018/2019, to study the effect of abiotic stresses (salinity and osmotic stresses) on the activity of some antioxidant enzymes and biochemical traits in Catharanthus roseus. The experiment has been laid according to (CRD) with three replications. The seeds have been sterilized by NaOCl solution (0.5% v/v), then planted on MS medium. Plantlets have been moved to MS medium enriched with NAA (1 mg.L-1) and BA (2 mg.L-1). The callus has been initiated from leaves using MS medium containing NAA (1 mg L-1) and KIN (2 mg.L-1). After 60 days, callus
... Show MoreObjective: To assess the major anti-tuberculosis drugs available to patients at primary health care centers in Baghdad city. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study design is carried out in order to achieve the objectives of the study by using the assessment technique in primary health care centers from December 29th, 2014 to July 10 th, 2015. probability sampling is select based on the study design. Eighteen primary health care centers are select according to criteria of sample to the study and for the purpose of the study, is select (6) sectors and (11) Primary Health Care Centers (PHCC) from Bagh
The structure of the interrogation process in cross-examinations is said to be diverse and complex in terms of question-response typology. This is because the counsel has to extract truth from an opposing party’s witness whose views are expected to advocate that party's views regarding the case. Accordingly, the study which is basically quantitative in nature aims to investigate what the examining party intends to obtain out of these questions and which of these questions are the most prevalently used. It also aims to measure the amount of cooperativity in witnesses' responses. Accordingly, three transcripts of cross-examination have been analyzed, using a pragmatically-oriented approach. The approach draws on Stenstorm (1984) and Arch
... Show MoreAbstract
The objective of the research is to identify the role of innovative leadership in achieving the dimensions of administrative empowerment in the company for the public of food industries. The various variables have shown the importance of innovative leadership to achieve the dimensions of administrative empowerment in both international and local companies. Administrative Empowerment "In order to answer this question, a virtual model was developed to reflect the relationship and impact between innovative leadership and administrative empowerment. The research was based on the analytical descriptive approach. the research community, The company represented the general company for food industries, retrie
... Show MoreAfrican countries are among the countries in the world that suffer from the phenomenon of child recruitment in wars and conflicts. There are many reasons behind it, including the nature of the human formation of children, the societal violence to which they are exposed, lack of access to education, economic hardships, as well as the role of African wars and conflicts and other reasons that compelled children to join armed groups and participate in military operations. The recruitment of children is divided into two types, compulsory and voluntary, and this leads to many humanitarian and security repercussions that are not limited to a specific period of time but extend to subsequent generations, and due to its seriousness, t
... Show Moreواقع ومستقبل الصراعات الدولية والاقليمية في البحر الاحمر
المبادئ العامة للقانون ودرها في اطار التجارة الدولية
The concept of power despite its implications unclear and unknown was one of the most standards in international relations ambiguity and lack of clarity, however was more standards important and influential in the conduct of international relations, and since that time until today since that ambiguity in the meaning of power and use it as a factor of international relations factors and drive the engines were very different and irony from case to case and from researcher to another, but it may be classified force as the international status enjoyed by the state in the international ocean and here is a structure formed of forces posed by the state, such as economic and political nature of the political system and military power and concept
... Show More