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Heat Transfer of Single and Binary Systems in Pool Boiling
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The present research focuses on the study of the effect of mass transfer resistance on the rate of heat transfer in pool boiling. The nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficients for binary mixtures (ethanol-n-butanol, acetone-n-butanol, acetone-ethanol, hexane-benzene, hexane-heptane, and methanol-water) were measured at different concentrations of the more volatile components. The systems chosen covered a wide range of mixture behaviors.

The experimental set up for the present investigation includes electric heating element submerged in the test liquid mounted vertically. Thermocouple and a digital indictor measured the temperature of the heater surface. The actual heat transfer rate being obtained by multiplying the voltmeter and ammeter readings. A water cooled coil condenses the vapor produced by the heat input and the liquid formed returns to the cylinder for re-evaporation.

The boiling results show that the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficients of binary mixtures were always lower than the pure components nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficients. This confirmed that the mass transfer resistance to the movement of the more volatile component was responsible for decrease in heat transfer and that the maximum deterioration that was observed at a point was the absolute concentration differences between vapor and liquid phases at their maximum. All the data points were tested with the most widely known correlations namely those of Calus-Leonidopoulos, Fujita and Thome. It was found that Thome's correlation is the more representative form, for it gave the least mean and standard deviations.

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Publication Date
Tue Aug 01 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Comparative Analysis of H2 and H∞ Robust Control Design Approaches for Dynamic Control Systems
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This paper discusses using H2 and H∞ robust control approaches for designing control systems. These approaches are applied to elementary control system designs, and their respective implementation and pros and cons are introduced. The H∞ control synthesis mainly enforces closed-loop stability, covering some physical constraints and limitations. While noise rejection and disturbance attenuation are more naturally expressed in performance optimization, which can represent the H2 control synthesis problem. The paper also applies these two methodologies to multi-plant systems to study the stability and performance of the designed controllers. Simulation results show that the H2 controller tracks a desirable cl

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Publication Date
Thu Feb 15 2018
Journal Name
International Journal Of Architectural Heritage
Active use of panoramic mobile mapping systems for as built surveying and heritage documentation
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Publication Date
Fri Jan 01 2021
Journal Name
دراسات قانونية
The Legal Nature of the Build-Operate- transfer-Ownership Contract (B.O.T.)
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The legal nature of the Build-Operate-Transfer-Ownership Contract (B.O.T) The Build, Operate, and Transfer of Ownership Contract (BOT) has emerged as the most successful and safest method for involving the private sector in public sector services. The major infrastructure projects that are built through the BOT contract are no longer financed by the state and its budget, but the private sector has played a major role in financing These projects, especially developing countries that need to establish infrastructure or modernize their existing infrastructure, especially in the areas of transport, communications, services, electricity, water ..... and other public utilities.

Publication Date
Wed Feb 28 2024
Journal Name
Al-rafidain Journal Of Medical Sciences ( Issn 2789-3219 )
The Effects of -806 T/C and -857 T/C Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the TNF-α Gene on Rheumatoid Arthritis Severity and Inflammatory Markers
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Background: Polymorphisms in the TNF-α gene affect the development and progression of rheumatoid arthritis. Objective: To investigate the associations between (-806 T/C) and (-857 T/C) SNPs with rheumatoid arthritis severity and susceptibility in a sample of Iraqi patients. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in Baghdad, Iraq. Twenty healthy controls and 63 patients confirmed to be newly diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis were included. Those are divided into two groups (patients and controls), and the patients were further subdivided into severe and mild-moderate groups. Samples from those participants were analyzed for clinical and inflammatory parameter measurements. Genotyping by the Sanger method was performed to stu

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Publication Date
Wed Jan 11 2023
Journal Name
J. Of Kirkuk Univ. For Agri. Sci.
THE HARMFUL CONSEQUENCES OF HEAT STRESS ON CHICKENS INDUSTRY
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This article dealt with identifying the importance of heat stress in poultry flocks and the damages resulting from the production of eggs and meat and the spread of pathogens, in addition to that ways to mitigate the harmful effects of heat stress, including physiological, nutritional, engineering and genetics, in order to ensure preservation of the product and reduce damages

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 20 2019
Journal Name
Al-khwarizmi Engineering Journal
Enhancement of Heat Exchanger Performance by Using Dimpled Tube
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The enhancement of heat exchanger performance was investigated using dimpled tubes tested at different Reynolds numbers, in the present work four types of dimpled tubes with a specified configuration manufactured, tested and then compared performance with the smooth tube and other passive techniques performance. Two dimpled arrangements along the tube were investigated, these are inline and staggered at constant pitch ratio X/d=4, the test results showed that Nusselts number (heat transfer) of the staggered array is higher than the inline array by 13%.  The effect of different depths of the dimple (14.5 mm and 18.5 mm) has been also investigated; a tube with large dimple diameter enhanced the Nusselts number by about 25% for the ran

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Publication Date
Fri Jan 01 2016
Journal Name
Bulletin Of Mathematics And Statistics Research
New Approximation Operators Using Mixed Degree Systems
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This paper is concerned with introducing and studying the first new approximation operators using mixed degree system and second new approximation operators using mixed degree system which are the core concept in this paper. In addition, the approximations of graphs using the operators first lower and first upper are accurate then the approximations obtained by using the operators second lower and second upper sincefirst accuracy less then second accuracy. For this reason, we study in detail the properties of second lower and second upper in this paper. Furthermore, we summarize the results for the properties of approximation operators second lower and second upper when the graph G is arbitrary, serial 1, serial 2, reflexive, symmetric, tra

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Publication Date
Sat Aug 01 2020
Journal Name
Iop Conference Series: Materials Science And Engineering
Developing Systems Engineering for Sustainable Infrastructure Projects
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Abstract<p>Globally, Sustainability is very quickly becoming a fundamental requirement of the construction industry as it delivers its projects; whether buildings or infrastructures. Throughout more than two decades, many modeling schemes, evaluation tools, and rating systems have been introduced en route to realizing sustainable construction. Many of these, however, lack consensus on evaluation criteria, a robust scientific model that captures the logic behind their sustainability performance evaluation, and therefore experience discrepancies between rated results and actual performance. Moreover, very few of the evaluation tools available satisfactorily address infrastructure projects. The res</p> ... Show More
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Publication Date
Mon Mar 08 2021
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
A study of fermi hole for some atomic systems
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the electron correlation effect for inter-shell can be described by evaluating the fermi hole and partial fermi hole for Li atom comparing with Be+ and B+2 ions

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Publication Date
Thu Jun 10 2010
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Laser
Generation of Weak Coherent Pulses for Quantum Cryptography Systems
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This work is a trial to ensure the absolute security in any quantum cryptography (QC) protocol via building an effective hardware for satisfying the single-photon must requirement by controlling the value of mean photon number. This was approximately achieved by building a driving circuit that provide very short pulses (≈ 10 ns) for laser diode -LD- with output power of (0.7-0.99mW) using the available electronic components in local markets. These short pulses enable getting faint laser pulses that were further attenuated to reach mean photon number equal to 0.08 or less.

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