To assess the use of miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy (mini-PCNL) for renal stones in children, as well as its safety and efficacy. Seventy-seven patients with more than 15 mm renal stones whose age was less than 15 years were enrolled in this prospective case-controlled study at Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital, Ar Razi Private Hospital, and Ghazi Al-Hariri Hospital for Surgical Specialties, Anbar and Baghdad, Iraq. The study was conducted from January 2020 to January 2024. The group mentioned above served as group A, and it was compared to the control group (group B), which consisted of 70 adult patients aged 18–60 years. Patients in both groups underwent mini-PCNL. Gender, stone size and location, time of operation, stone-free rate, hemoglobin drop, need for blood transfusion, postoperative fever, associated visceral injury, and need for further interventions such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy or flexible ureteroscopy (ESWL or FURS) were compared in both groups. The age of patients in group A ranged from 8 months to 15 years with a mean (4.30 ± 3.16), while in group B ranged from 18 to 60 years with a mean (36.3 ± 12.0), p-value 0.001. There were no statistically significant differences regarding gender distribution, stone size, and location, p-value > 0.05. The stone-free rate was 87.01% for group A and 88.57% for group B, with no statistical difference, p-value 0.773. Hemoglobin drop was 1.096 ± 0.412 for group A and 1.195 ± 0.110 for group B, p-value 0.046. Blood transfusion was needed in one case in each group with no statistical difference, p-value 0.946. The need for ESWL was 3 cases in group A, and 2 cases in group B, with no statistical difference between the two groups, p-value 0.729. The need for FURS was 4 cases in group A and 3 cases in group B, p-value 0.796. Operative time was 30 to 125 min in group A and 34 to 129 min in group B, p-value 0.941. Postoperative fever was seen in 23 cases in group A and 21 cases in group B, p-value 0.986. Minor liver injury was seen was seen in one case in each group. The use of mini-PCNL for treating renal stones in children is safe and effective as it is associated with a relatively low rate of significant complications and achieves a high stone-free rate.
Deception is defined as a linguistic and non-linguistic behavior that is used in interaction in order to make the addressees believe what is believed to be false or lack evidence. McCornack (1992) classifies deception into four manipulative strategies (i.e., fabrication, distortion, equivocation and concealment), other scholars argue that deception encompasses the strategies of “fabrication (outright lying), equivocation (being vague and ambiguous), or concealment (with holding relevant information) Thus, the present study investigates the deception strategies and motives that are used by Johnny Depp and Amber Heard during their defamation trials. Qualitative and quantitative methods are employed when analyzing the data in question. Th
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The Islamic religion approach Rabbani urges and seeks to bring happiness to people, as Allah says: ((We sent thee not all people glad tidings and a warner, but most people do not know)) Spa: State 28
Islam looks at the concept of educational values through positive behavior derived emerging through formal and informal education. The Islamic approach works on the basis of a systematic and clear rule in the form of an integrated system includes multiple areas. As the lead actor role as the desired position.
Although
The Civil Rights era has been an era of struggle for the African American in the
Unites states. Thus, many writers devoted their writing to reflect the racism and
discrimination that many have suffered from, among them is Ralph Ellison.
Ralph Ellison is a 20th century African-American writer and scholar best known for
his renowned, award-winning novel Invisible Man. He illustrates the powerful
social and political forces that conspire to keep black Americans in their place,
denying them the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness guaranteed to all
Americans. Invisible Man is a 1952 novel that addresses many of the social and intellectual
issues facing African-Americans in the twentieth century. It exa
The current research aims to diagnose the extent of interest in knowledge sharing and its role in achieving organizational excellence at the level of the Iraqi environment Primary data through descriptive statistics (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, percentages, frequencies) and hypothesis testing using appropriate statistical methods for inferential statistical analysis (Pearson correlation coefficient, simple linear regression, multiple regression, path analysis) and checking the quality of the data from During (normal distribution, confirmatory factor analysis, structural modeling method, and exploratory factor analysis), after collecting data from (358) observations from the company’s leaders, as
... Show MoreRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systematic autoimmune disorder with chronic inflammation changes of unknown etiology. Various synovial inflammatory and proliferative alterations may contribute to the cartilaginous tissues and invasive bony tissues, leading to destructive joints and malformed bones. This disease is mostly due to infective microorganisms or genetic susceptibility causing immune system disturbances through triggering both T-cells and B-cells. Furthermore, different immune cells may secret cytokines, which are responsible for some RA pathogenesis activity. From ninety individuals, serum sample was collected; thirty of them were normal and sixty cases were patients with RA attended a privet medical clin
... Show MoreCubosomes are nanosized structures self-assembled nanostructured materials used for controlling the release of the entrapped drug molecule. Lornoxicam (LXM) is a potent analgesic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drug with a short half-life (3-4) hours. The present study aims to prepare LXM-loaded cubosomes with well-defined morphology, particle size, PDI, high entrapment efficiency, sustained drug release, and high zeta potential value, as a transdermal drug delivery system.
Twelve formulas of LXM-loaded cubosomal dispersions were prepared by a solvent dilution method using Glyceryl monooleate ( GMO) as polar lipid with different stabilizers as Pluronic® F127 or tween 80 and different types o
... Show MorePatch in transdermal drug delivery(TDDS) used to overcome the hypodermic drawback, but these patch also have absorption limitation for hydrophilic and macromolecule like peptide and DNA. So that micronized projection have the ability for skin penetration developed named as microneedle. Microneedle drug delivery system is a novel drug delivery to overcome the limitation of TDDS like skin barrier restriction for large molecule. Microneedle patch can penetrate through skin subcutaneous into epidermis, avoiding nerve fiber and blood vessel contact. There are many type of microneedle patch like solid, polymer, hallow, hydrogel forming microneedle and dissolving microneedle with different method of microfabrication
The authentic traditional architecture proved that it is very convenient to the environmental and social regulations where it appeared and lasted for hundred of years.
This traditional architecture got the intelligence in providing thermal comfort for their occupants by the intelligent usage of the building materials and the intelligent planning and designs which took in consideration the climatic condition and the aerodynamics of the whole city as one ecological system starting from the cold breeze passing through its narrow streets till it enters the dwelling units and glides out through the wind catchers.
This architecture had been neglected and replaced by modern imported architecture which had collap
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