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RESHAPING THE WORLD, RETHINKING ACTORS: THE ROLE OF SUB-STATE ACTORS IN FOREIGN RELATIONS
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International relations scholars have increasingly debated the evolving landscape of actors that challenge the traditional state-centric world order. A key element of this transformation is the rise of sub-state actors, which engages in alternative diplomacy parallel to the state, transcending traditional state-centric frameworks. This paper explores the significant shifts in international actorness over the late 20th century, focusing on the emergence and implications of sub-state diplomacy, or "paradiplomacy." First, the study introduces sub-state actors and their role in challenging the dominant state-centric discourse. It then examines the dynamic evolution of paradiplomacy, highlighting how sub-states have expanded their global engagement, the opportunities this presents, and the potential threats it poses. Through a multi-scalar analysis, the paper critically assesses paradiplomacy's impact on long-held beliefs about regions, states, actors, and the international political system. Furthermore, the study shows how states can leverage their sub-national entities to deal with problems that threaten their sovereignty and global standing. The findings suggest that both the state and sub-state actors can engage in ambitious international activities, fostering greater global cooperation within the complexities of modern governance and competition.

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Publication Date
Sat Mar 25 2023
Journal Name
Kirkuk University Journal For Agricultural Sciences
The role of the agricultural extension in educating farmers about the legislation on protecting the environment from pollution with chemical pesticides
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The research aimed to determine the role of the agricultural extension in educating farmers about the legislation on the protection of the rural environment from pollution with chemical pesticides working in the Department of Agricultural Extension and Training and the Department of Agricultural Extension in the directorates of agriculture of Najaf and Qadisiyah, and to determine the role of the agricultural extension in the axis of farmers' use of the correct methods to protect the rural environment from pollution with chemical pesticides and the axis of the reasons that lead farmers to pollute the rural environment with chemical pesticides, and to achieve the objectives of this research prepared A questionnaire in the light of rev

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Publication Date
Thu Apr 01 2021
Journal Name
Iop Conference Series: Earth And Environmental Science
Reality analysis of the state of spatial distribution of green areas using geographic information systems (GIS) – The holy city of Najaf as a case study
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Abstract<p>Green areas are an essential component of city planning, as they serve as an outlet for them to spend their free time, in addition to the environmental role that these green areas play in improving the city’s climate by purifying the air and beautifying the city. The study’s problem is summarized in identifying the appropriateness of the current spatial distribution of green areas in the city of Najaf with the current population densities and the pattern in which green areas are distributed using GIS and knowing the per capita share of those green areas in the city, the research assumes that the inconsistency of spaces between regions Green and residential neighbourhoods need to c</p> ... Show More
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Publication Date
Fri Mar 01 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
Role of using the Relative Strength Index in Making Speculation Decision in Stock: Applied Research in the Iraq Stock Exchange
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 The relative strength index (RSI) is one of the best known technical analysis indicators; it provides the speculators by prior signals about the future stock’s prices, and because the speculations in shares of companies which listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange have a high degree of risk, like risk of shares prices felling, so the speculators became committed to use some methods to reduce these risks, and one of these methods is the technical analysis by using the relative strength index (RSI) which enable the speculators of choosing the right time for buy and sell the stocks and the right time to enter or leave the market by using the historical rice data. And from here the problem of the research formulated as “Is the using of

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Publication Date
Tue Mar 24 2020
Journal Name
Mintage Journal Of Pharmaceutical & Medical Sciences
CD44 AS A TUMOR MARKER DIAGNOSTIC, THE ROLE IN CANCER PROGRESSION
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Publication Date
Thu Feb 24 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
The Role of the Faculty of Education in Serving the Community in the Light of the Vision of the Kingdom 2030 from the Faculty Members’ Point of View at the University of Jeddah
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The study aimed at identifying the role of the Faculty of Education in the community service in light of vision of the Kingdom 2030 from the faculty members’ point of view at the University of Jeddah. The study used a descriptive method through a questionnaire administered to a sample of the faculty members.It concluded that the role of the College in serving the community is the development of the right habits in the family and the importance of establishing bridges of cooperation between the Faculty of Education and the surrounding environment and teaching special education teachers how to apply some methods of measurement to determine the needs of students with disabilities. The results also pointed out that there are no statistical

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Publication Date
Tue Dec 22 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
The role of the Office of Financial Supervision in the federal control over health and sustainable development: Applied research in the Baghdad Soft Drinks Company
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The study aims to indicate the role of strategic financial accounting  in the service investors  to take appropriate decisions in the future, Through what is provided by the strategic accounting, the future of information and data that enable the investor to make future investment decisions appropriate، If no longer traditional financial accounting putting meet all existing and prospective investors Requirements، That reliance on historical data and information already signed and neglected aspect of future, From this point it was to highlight the role of strategic financial accounting to contribute in this area.

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Publication Date
Fri Dec 20 2019
Journal Name
College Of Islamic Sciences
The role of a teacher of Islamic education In explaining the concepts of political freedom Educational guidance study
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The political struggle being waged by Muslims today is one of the most important issues that have preoccupied the Arab and international media, and the failures that have afflicted Muslims in our contemporary world have negatively affected the younger generations and led them, and with the influence of anti-Islam media, to rely on accusing Islam as a religion with all the negative in Islamic and Arab society . So secularism took its role in spreading these concepts by deviating from its course from the concept of science to the concept of (the religion).
    From here the calls for reform rose to return the Muslims to the incubator of Islam, so people turned around them, but they turned into competing Islamic polit

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Publication Date
Thu Dec 31 2020
Journal Name
Political Sciences Journal
The Chinese Economy and its impact on international trade (Study on the role of the port of Gwadar)
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China's economic policy and its huge capabilities operate according to an expansion strategy, especially in investing foreign projects, as the past ten years have witnessed a major development in the elements of comprehensive strength, especially in the economic field, in 2014 China launched the largest initiative in the world, represented by the Belt and Road Project (BRI), which links nearly 70 countries, through this project, a very important region has emerged, which is (the port of cadres) in Pakistan, as China has headed towards that region and given the highest importance that is in its interest in the first place regardless of the great Pakistani interest, This is consistent with its future aspirations, especially after breaking

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Publication Date
Thu Oct 01 2015
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
Communicative Applications in the Websites of the Iraqi Political Parties and their Role in Providing Opportunities for Political Participation
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The present study deals with the websites of Iraqi political parties on the internet to identify the effectiveness in providing communicative applications that help audience to participate, express their opinions, their positions, and other aspects reflecting the extent of employing modern technological tools to allow opportunities for political, and democratic participation since the internet has become an effective tool for political communications of political parties. The research sample includes eight political parties. The research concludes that the Iraqi political parties do not employ interactive communication patterns to reflect their interests in communicating with the public, providing opportunities for their participation an

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Publication Date
Wed Jun 08 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
THE ROLE OF TAX IDENTIFICATION NUMBER IN TAX FRAUD PREVENTION : APPLIED RESEARCH AT THE GENERAL TAX AUTHORITY IN IRAQ
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This thesis aims to show the effects of the development of the traditional manual system of the tax accounting process to the electronic system by the activation of the tax identification numbers (TINs) mechanism. The impact of this development is facilitating the tax accounting process, tax fraudand thus increasing the tax outcome.To prove the research hypothesis, an electronic system was designed based on income tax report, estimation note of individuals, in additional to using Adobe Dreamweaver application to write PHP, HTML, Javascript, and CSS web languages to implement  the proposed system. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is; not enough the communication methods between the Genera

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