International relations scholars have increasingly debated the evolving landscape of actors that challenge the traditional state-centric world order. A key element of this transformation is the rise of sub-state actors, which engages in alternative diplomacy parallel to the state, transcending traditional state-centric frameworks. This paper explores the significant shifts in international actorness over the late 20th century, focusing on the emergence and implications of sub-state diplomacy, or "paradiplomacy." First, the study introduces sub-state actors and their role in challenging the dominant state-centric discourse. It then examines the dynamic evolution of paradiplomacy, highlighting how sub-states have expanded their global engagement, the opportunities this presents, and the potential threats it poses. Through a multi-scalar analysis, the paper critically assesses paradiplomacy's impact on long-held beliefs about regions, states, actors, and the international political system. Furthermore, the study shows how states can leverage their sub-national entities to deal with problems that threaten their sovereignty and global standing. The findings suggest that both the state and sub-state actors can engage in ambitious international activities, fostering greater global cooperation within the complexities of modern governance and competition.
Abstract:
Saudi Arabia and United States long relation could present an important
subject to understand alliance kind in international relations types. We trying
in this study to diagnose and analyze the Saudi Arabia and United States
model to find balance and unbalance statues and its influence on the
directions of Saudi Arabia foreign policy positions.
We divided the study in two parts, each part have many sections. The
first part deal with the historian emergence of Saudi Arabia state and its
development in three stages including its foreign relations with regions and
international powers. While the second part was dedicated in analyzing and
understanding the mechanism and active facts that drawing the Sa
The concept of power despite its implications unclear and unknown was one of the most standards in international relations ambiguity and lack of clarity, however was more standards important and influential in the conduct of international relations, and since that time until today since that ambiguity in the meaning of power and use it as a factor of international relations factors and drive the engines were very different and irony from case to case and from researcher to another, but it may be classified force as the international status enjoyed by the state in the international ocean and here is a structure formed of forces posed by the state, such as economic and political nature of the political system and military power and concept
... Show MoreThe region is defined by the spatial dimension, which consists of a set of stabilizers (towns and villages). The concept of the territory requires conditions on the nature of functional relations and the mutual influence of the regions within the region. Any territory must be based on the interdependence and interaction between the mother city and its surrounding countryside and cities, and when the interdependence is strong and the interaction is clear, it helps to define the territory. The regions are divided on different bases. There are geographically or national homogeneous regions, and there are cultural regions that want to preserve their culture in terms of language or religion. There are administrative regions to manage
... Show MoreThis study aims to explain the role of green target costing technique in improving the relationship with suppliers in a sample of industrial companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange. The descriptive analytical approach was used, where a questionnaire was designed that included a set of questions that were directed to a sample of 84 individuals including production managers, finance managers, quality managers, and purchasing managers in these companies. The study uses some statistical analyzes such as correlation analysis and regression analysis to analyze the questionnaires. The study finds a positive impact of the green target costing technique on improving the relationship with suppliers. The results indicate that the relation
... Show Morehe current research aims to analyze the relationship and the level of influence of labor relations in reducing the cases of job withdrawal in private colleges in Baghdad. (265) individuals from department heads, university professors, and teaching staff in (7) private colleges located in the capital, Baghdad, and based on the Stephen Thompson equation for small samples, the sample size was determined by (157) teachers, and the questionnaire was adopted as a main tool for collecting data and information After ensuring the validity and reliability of its contents, and to test the relationship of influence, correlation and interaction between the research variables, two main hypotheses were formulated from which (5) sub-hypotheses eman
... Show MoreDeveloping countries have depended since long time on the developed countries to increase the levels of development and improving rates of growth direction to the best way where taking this dependence many shapes influenced by the evolution form of international relations and this dependence shows how the great deficiencies in sources of local financing, which called developing countries to increase their reliance on external funding sources, represented in the form of grants, subsidies, loans and foreign investment, pursuing States in that the application of economic reform policies in pursuit of faster economic growth and restructure its economy and achieve economic stability. In the early eighties of the last
... Show MoreThe aim of the research is to identify the role of public relations in promoting tourism by the Palestinian tourism and travel companies in Gaza from the public relations officer’s point of view in those companies.
The researcher used the descriptive analytical method as the most appropriate for such studies and implemented the questionnaire as a tool to obtain the required data from the respondents.
The Researcher reached several conclusions:
1- There is a low percentage of women working in the field of public relations in Palestinian tourism establishments in the Gaza Strip, where the percentage did not exceed 5%.
2- The interpersonal communication counted as one of the elements of integra
The aim of this paper is to know the persuasive methods and public relations strategies in building the reputation of the United Arab Emirates, since the UAE is progressing among the international indicators in good reputation. The researcher used the survey method, using the content analysis tool, to analyze the publications of the UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation for the period from 10/1/2021 to 12/31/2021.The researcher reached a set of results, the most important of which are: The UAE Foreign Ministry relied on public relations strategies in order to build a good reputation for the country, as it focused on the media strategy and gave little importance to the consensus-building strategy, as well as focuse
... Show MoreThe tax exemption, whether wholly or partially, and for an unlimited duration of the investment or for a limited period of few years, is one of the encouraging things to the flow of foreign capital. And if necessary, impose tax on the profits of the invested capital, the promotion requires that not be discriminatory taxes or payments in the amount of money with the need to avoid double taxation. The tax exemption is granted by the government and the feature according to the law of a natural person or legal entity seeking from the government purports to achieve a set of political goals, economic and social development. The reduction of taxes or grants partial exemption is one of the factors that encourage attract of direct foreign i
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