The increasing demand for energy has encouraged the development of renewable resources and environmentally benign fuel such as biodiesel. In this study, ethyl fatty esters (EFEs), a major component of biodiesel fuel, were synthesized from soybean oil using sodium ethoxide as a catalyst. By-products were glycerol and difatty acyl urea (DFAU), which has biological characteristics, as antibiotics and antifungal medications. Both EFEs and DFAU have been characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique. The optimum conditions were studied as a function of reaction time, reactant molar ratios, catalyst percentage and the effect of organic solvents. The conversion ratio of soybean oil into pure EFEs was 76% after 10 h of reaction. The highest conversion yield of EFEs is obtained when the urea/soybean oil ratio was from 6.2 mmol to 1 mmol, while the highest production of DFAU is obtained when the ethoxide (as a catalyst)/soybean oil ratio is from 6.4 mmol to 1 mmol in hexane as the reaction medium.
The business environment is witnessing great and rapid developments due to the economic and technological development that has caused damage to human beings, which requires the need to reduce this damage and work to protect the environment and participate in supporting the social aspects. This requires economic resources to be realized by the economic units. Economic development in preserving the environment that has caused damage and supporting the social aspects that preserve human rights, enhance their position and satisfy their needs in society. Global professional organizations, the United Nations and stakeholder representatives have been issuing the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) to find guidelines for the preparation of
... Show MoreThis paper is concerned with finding the approximation solution (APPS) of a certain type of nonlinear hyperbolic boundary value problem (NOLHYBVP). The given BVP is written in its discrete (DI) weak form (WEF), and is proved that it has a unique APPS, which is obtained via the mixed Galerkin finite element method (GFE) with implicit method (MGFEIM) that reduces the problem to solve the Galerkin nonlinear algebraic system (GNAS). In this part, the predictor and the corrector technique (PT and CT) are proved convergent and are used to transform the obtained GNAS to linear (GLAS ), then the GLAS is solved using the Cholesky method (ChMe). The stability and the convergence of the method are studied. The results
... Show MoreThe theory of Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) was introduced in the second half of the twentieth century and aids the decision maker to resolve problems when interacting criteria are involved and need to be evaluated. In this paper, we apply MCDM on the problem of the best drug for rheumatoid arthritis disease. Then, we solve the MCDM problem via -Sugeno measure and the Choquet integral to provide realistic values in the process of selecting the most appropriate drug. The approach confirms the proper interpretation of multi-criteria decision making in the drug ranking for rheumatoid arthritis.
The contract for iease public hospitals to the private sector is one of the administrative contracts in which all the elements of the administrative contract are available. It is signed by the administration represented by the Minister of Health. It is presented to a public hospital which is one of the public facilities that provide medical services. The Ministry of Health may also apply to the Leased Hospital. It may also amend the contract in accordance with the public interest, in addition to the possibility of dissolving the contract without recourse to the courts in case the tenant violates the terms of the contract, The State resorted to it in the event that it is unable to provide medical services within the required range, as it
... Show MoreThe diabetic foot is considered one of the long term diabetes complications caused by a defect in blood vessel and nerve system. This requires dealing with diabetic foot with professional medical care, so as to prevent its development in advanced stages which could end to gangrene and amputation of the foot. This study has been initiated through follow-up of twelve patients with diabetes and the presence various occlusions in lower limb artery. One patient from them was chosen for investigation, this patient has stenosis in popliteal artery and presence multiple stenosis in superficial femoral artery. This study based on analysis present case of patient and prediction for progress stenosis in superficial femoral artery till arrive semi t
... Show MoreThis paper describes theoretical modeling of electrostatic mirror based on two cylindrical electrodes, A computational investigation has been carried out on the design and properties of the electrostatic mirror. we suggest a mathematical expression to represent the axial potential of an electrostatic mirror. The beam path by using the Bimurzaev technique have been investigated as a mirror trajectory with the aid of Runge – Kutta method. the electrode shape of mirror two electrode has been determined by using package SIMION computer program . The spherical and chromatic aberrations coefficients of mirror has been computed and normalized in terms of the focal length. The choice of the mirror depends on the op
... Show MoreThe morphological characters of Satureja L. species which is grown in Iraq were studied in detail ,starting from root,stem,leaves ,inflorescences ,flowers and fruits .The current study revelid that the characters of calyx and corolla have great important taxonomically ,besides the variations in the shape and size of leaves and bract ,figures were drawen ,schedules and plates have been prepared.The indumentums study showed that the trichomes have important taxonomically value of both glandular and eglandular hairs.
The study includ selection of six species of the fungi related to genus Pleurotus were evaluated for their ability to produce of Pleurotin, one of them, Pleurotus ostreatus (P.11) was isolated and identified in the present study. Pleurotin was detected by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The maximum absorption of Pleurotin was 1.6 nm at 250 nm. Pleurotin was purified with two methods using chloroform and ethyl acetate, the results showed the ethyl acetate was more efficient in pleurotin production resulting in 14.6 μg/ml compared to 9.8 μg/ml with chloroform. The local isolate, P. osteratus (P.11) showed significant high Pleurotin production (14.6 μg/ml) when was grown on the modified
... Show MoreThe cinematographer mediates through the means of cinema and television a set of elements complementing each other in the light of developments in various sciences, culture and arts for the purpose of conveying the meaning to the recipient and achieve aesthetic taste. Despite the diversity of cinematographic media with its multiple forms, The researcher started from the principle of definition and knowledge of a technical phenomenon that emerged in the cinematographic medium through the treatment of dramatic events through the solutions of the exit line depends on the narrative of events in one place contributes to attract Mam spectator since this interesting phenomenon in the mediator, there .van question arises the adoption of that vis
... Show MoreThe study aimed at the following:
Identify the differences in average scores core thinking skills kindergarten children by variable sex (male - female), and by variable age (5.6 - 5.11).
To achieve this researcher adopted a standardized test of core thinking skills for the kindergarten children, which was built and standardization by the researcher Meyada Asaad Mussa 2012 . applied test on a sample of (814) ) boys and girls who were randomly chosen form, from directorates of Baghdad Education Adoption of the proportional distribution.
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