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Appraising the cost of illness of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema over the last decade: a systematic review
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Abstract<sec> <title>Objective

The study objective was to summarize and evaluate the literature from the last decade about the cost of illness (COI) of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) through a systematic review.

Methods

Author conducted a search of the PubMed, and Google Scholar, electronic databases from January 2014 until July 2024, by identifying the following keywords ‘cost of illness,’ ‘economic burden,’ ‘diabetic retinopathy,’ and ‘diabetic macular edema.’ The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.

Key findings

The total number of identified titles were 6760. After screening, 22 articles assessing the COI associated with DR or DME were included. The treatment costs were high and varied across countries. More than half of studies (N = 13) measured direct medical costs from the healthcare perspective, utilizing information retrieved from electronic databases. These included costs associated with medications, equipment, procedures, diagnosis, hospitalization, rehabilitation, and inpatient/outpatient consultations. Seven studies measured both direct and indirect costs from a societal perspective. Intangible and informal cost analyses were rarely documented due to the challenges in retrieving necessary information. The majority of the studies (N = 16) had retrospective observational design.

Conclusion

This review highlights significant cost variability influenced by income levels, healthcare infrastructure, disease severity, and analytical perspectives. The growing economic burden of DR and DME underscores the importance of sufficient budget allocation. The heterogeneity in study designs and cost estimation methods points to an urgent need for standardization in COI research.

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Publication Date
Thu Dec 01 2022
Journal Name
Scientific Research Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science
Cryptography Techniques - A Review
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Publication Date
Mon Jul 18 2022
Journal Name
World Bulletin Of Public Health (wbph)
WASTEWATER TREATMENTS: A REVIEW
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Many water supplies are now contaminated by anthropogenic sources such as domestic and agricultural waste, as well as manufacturing activities, the public's concern about the environmental effects of wastewater contamination has grown. Several traditional wastewater treatment methods, such as chemical coagulation, adsorption, and activated sludge, have been used to eliminate pollution; however, there are several drawbacks, most notably high operating costs, because of its low operating and repair costs, the usage of aerobic waste water treatment as a reductive medium is gaining popularity. Furthermore, it is simple to produce and has a high efficacy and potential to degrade pollu

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Publication Date
Mon Jan 01 2024
Journal Name
Aip Conference Proceedings
Lab on-a-chip-based, an integrated microfluidic device lo-cost, rapid, and sensitive analysis of Augmentin
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Microfluidic devices provide distinct benefits for developing effective drug assays and screening. The microfluidic platforms may provide a faster and less expensive alternative. Fluids are contained in devices with considerable micrometer-scale dimensions. Owing to this tight restriction, drug assay quantities are minute (milliliters to femtoliters). In this research, a microfluidic chip consisting of micro-channels carved on substrate materials built using an Acrylic (Polymethyl Methacrylate, PMMA) chip was designed using a Carbon Dioxide (CO2) laser machine. The CO2 parameters influence the chip’s width, depth, and roughness. To have a regular channel surface, and low roughness, the laser power (60 W), with scanning speed (250 m/s)

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Publication Date
Mon Mar 17 2025
Journal Name
Medicine Advances
Alone in the Mind: Review of Research Examining the Link Between Loneliness and Dementia
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This narrative review focused on research investigating the impact of loneliness on the prevalence of dementia and its relationship with other risk factors. A comprehensive and rigorous search was conducted using a variety of scientific databases with specific keywords to identify all prior studies that examined the correlation between dementia and loneliness. The inquiry was confined to articles published in English from January 2017 to March 2024. The narrative review identified a consensus regarding the role of loneliness in enhancing the risk of all‐cause dementia, with a particular emphasis on the subjective perception of loneliness. This phenomenon may be caused by the sensations of exclusion, discrimination, and alienation that are

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Publication Date
Fri Jun 25 2021
Journal Name
International Journal Of Drug Delivery Technology
Mixed Ligand Complexes of Trimethoprim: A Review
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In this research, we highlight the most important research related to the mixed ligand complexes of the drug trimethoprim (TMP), and for the past 7 years where this drug has been used as a chelating ligand and gives stability to the complexes with ions of metal elements where these complexes, prepared and diagnosed, and for some research the bacterial activity was studied against different types of bacteria

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Publication Date
Wed Jun 02 2021
Journal Name
International Journal Of Drug Delivery Technology
Mixed Ligand Complexes of Trimethoprim: A Review
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In this research, we highlight the most important research related to the mixed ligand complexes of the drug trimethoprim (TMP), and for the past 7 years where this drug has been used as a chelating ligand and gives stability to the complexes with ions of metal elements where these complexes, prepared and diagnosed, and for some research the bacterial activity was studied against different types of bacteria.

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Publication Date
Fri Sep 01 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
A Review of Interface Bonding Testing Techniques
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Interface bonding between asphalt layers has been a topic of international investigation over the last thirty years. In this condition, a number of researchers have made their own techniques and used them to examine the characteristics of pavement interfaces. It is obvious that test findings won't always be comparable to the lack of a globally standard methodology for interface bonding. Also, several kinds of research have shown that factors like temperature, loading conditions, materials, and others have an impact on surface qualities. This study aims to solve this problem by thoroughly investigating interface bond testing that might serve as a basis for a uniform strategy. First, a general explanation of how the bonding strength

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Publication Date
Thu Sep 01 2022
Journal Name
Iop Conference Series: Earth And Environmental Science
Primary Productivity of Iraqi lakes: A Review
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Abstract<p>Lentic ecosystems are important for fish production and are a critical habitat for waterfowl and numerous migratory birds. In this study we have gathered data on primary productivity of lakes across Iraq to provide updated information to strategize conservation and management. Tigris and Euphrates rivers are the primary sources of filling up major lakes in Iraq the overall assessment shows that the primary productivity is dependent on the algal composition and environmental factors with coincident role of macrophytes. An average of 37 to 637 mg carbon/m<sup>3</sup>/day of primary productivity was calculated for most of the lakes comprised of Bacillariophyceae and followed by</p> ... Show More
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Publication Date
Fri Sep 01 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
A Review of Interface Bonding Testing Techniques
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Interface bonding between asphalt layers has been a topic of international investigation over the last thirty years. In this condition, a number of researchers have made their own techniques and used them to examine the characteristics of pavement interfaces. It is obvious that test findings won't always be comparable to the lack of a globally standard methodology for interface bonding. Also, several kinds of research have shown that factors like temperature, loading conditions, materials, and others have an impact on surface qualities. This study aims to solve this problem by thoroughly investigating interface bond testing that might serve as a basis for a uniform strategy. First, a general explanation of how

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Publication Date
Fri Dec 30 2022
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering
Optimization of Drilling Well Design: A Review
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Drilling well design optimization reduces total Authorization for Expenditures (AFE) by decreasing well constructing time and expense. Well design is not a constant pattern during the life cycle of the field. It should be optimized by continuous improvements for all aspects of redesigning the well depending on the actual field conditions and problems. The core objective of this study is to deliver a general review of the well design optimization processes and the available studies and applications to employ the well design optimization to solve problems encountered with well design so that cost effectiveness and perfect drilling well performance are achievable. Well design optimization processes include unconventional design(slimhole) co

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