This study investigates the spatial and temporal trends in selected climatic and environmental variables across various regions of Iraq from January to May during 2003 to 2024 using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques and the Mann-Kendall trend test. The analysis focuses on five variables: air temperature, methane, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and the Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI).  A comprehensive dataset was compiled by integrating satellite-based observations of climatic and environmental variables, MODIS remote sensing imagery for SAVI estimation, and observational air temperature data obtained from the Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismology.  Temporal trends were assessed usin

In this study, chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (CS/PVA) films were prepared with different weight ratios (98:2, 96:4, 94:6, 92:8, and 90:10%) using the solution casting method to study the structural, thermal, and tensile strength properties of the composites. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of CS/PVA samples showed some differences, such as changes in the strength, location, and intensity of the CO and CH₂ stretching bands. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed the highest thermal elongation at 2%, reaching 289. DSC analysis shows a significant effect on the thermal stability of the composite by increasing its melting point. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed greater thermal

Positron emission tomography (PET) using ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (¹⁸F-FDG) is a cornerstone in oncological imaging for tumor localization and therapeutic assessment. Despite its diagnostic utility, limited attention has been given to its transient effects on hematological parameters. This study evaluates hematologic and immunological alterations following FDG administration by analyzing changes in red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets before and after injection. The experimental cohort included one healthy subject and three cancer patients (liver, breast, and uterine). Peripheral blood samples were obtained pre- and post-FDG injection, with subsequent blood film analysis assessing RBC aggregation, WBC distr

This study examines two distinct methods for preparing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs): the chemical method and the green method. In the chemical method, zinc acetate and deionized water were used, while in the green method, the plant extract from the fruit of the Capparis spinosa plant was used. The nanoparticles of ZnO were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). ZnO nanoparticles prepared by chemical precipitation and biological methods were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy to analyze the absorption spectra. The FESEM images revealed the spherical shape of the nanoparticles. The

Light atoms, such as oxygen, are treated with the 6-311G** basis sets, and heavy atoms, like tin (Sn), are treated with SDD (Stuttgart/Dresden) basis sets. A density functional theory (DFT) with a B3LYP hybrid functional calculation needs to be done to work out the geometrical and electronic properties, such as the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), and the energy gap, as well as the thermodynamic properties, such as Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity of the tin dioxide (SnO₂) pyramid nanocluster structure as a function of the number of oxygen atoms. These theoretical calculations were performed using Gaussian 09W, while the geometry was visualized using Gauss

In this study, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) fibers were fabricated using electrospinning, and their properties were enhanced through dual doping with zinc (Zn) and tin (Sn) ions at different Zn:Sn mixing ratios. The structural, optical, and electrical characteristics of the fibers were investigated to evaluate their potential for photodetector applications. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of pure PVP fibers indicates an amorphous nature, whereas two broad diffraction peaks emerge after mixing with ions, which is caused by the rearrangement of PVP chains due to their interactions with the added ions. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images show a significant reduction in fiber diameters and an increase in the density

A comprehensive theoretical framework is developed to evaluate the anisotropic coherence length in high-temperature superconductors based on the fluctuation-induced conductivity approach. The theoretical model is formulated using well-established expressions derived from the anistropic Ginzburg-Landau theory, incorporating both Aslamazov-Larkin and Maki-Thompson contributions. Numerical calculations are carried out for two representative superconducting systems, namely nano-(Co_0.5Zn_0.5Fe₂O₄)_x/(Cu,Tl)-1223 and Cd-doped (Cu,Tl)-1234 phase, which exhibit distinct dimensional characteristics. The reduced paraconductivity is analyzed as a function of reduced temperature, and the extracted

Lead and concrete blocks are well known for shielding against ionizing radiation, but their use is limited due to their high density, toxicity, and environmental concerns. This study investigates the potential of Bambusa vulgaris (bamboo powder)-based mortar composites as an alternative gamma-ray radiation-shielding material. Different blends of bamboo powder, sand, and cement were chemically treated to produce binary and ternary composites. The elemental composition of Bambusa vulgaris was determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), while the radiation attenuation coefficients of the samples against rays were determined using a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector and Cs-137 gamma source (662 keV). Key shielding parameters, including Linear an

This work presents the fabrication of highly efficient gas sensors based on silver oxide (AgO)- doped cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanostructures deposited on porous silicon (PS) substrates using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Three doping concentrations of AgO (5, 10, and 15%) were investigated to evaluate their influence on the structural, optical, and gas sensing properties of CdS. The prepared films were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV–Vis spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The XRD results confirmed enhanced crystallinity with increasing AgO concentrations, while FESEM and AFM analyses revealed a nanostructure

The effect of active-layer thickness on PM6:Y6 organic solar cells' performance was studied using several characterization techniques, such as current density vs. voltage (J-V), capacitance vs. voltage (C-V), charge vs. voltage (Q-V), charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage (CELIV), and sun-dependent. Results show that increasing thickness increased light absorption and therefore short-circuit current density (J_SC), but excessive thickness caused transport limitations and higher recombination, resulting in reduced fill factor (FF). On the other hand, open-circuit voltage (V_OC) remained weakly dependent on thickness variation. As a result, power conversion efficiency (PCE) has initially increased and then de

This work presents a numerical study of a multilayer optical biosensor based on distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) with a blood-filled cavity. The Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) was employed and simulated in MATLAB to analyze the resonant behavior over the wavelength range 780-810 nm. The analysis also considered the effects of temperature variation from 15 to 40 °C and changes in the silicon layer thickness from 20 to 200 nm. The results revealed a blue shift in the resonant wavelengths of the defect mode due to temperature variation, leading to a negative thermal sensitivity whose magnitude depends nonlinearly on the silicon layer thickness. In addition, electric field intensity distributions at resonance revealed stronger localization

When acquired or congenital defects need restoration, maxillofacial silicone is the material of choice. Silicone, nevertheless, is far from perfect in quality. The primary objective of this research was to examine the effect of adding yttria-stabilized zirconia nanoparticles (YSZNPs) (0.5 and 1% by weight) on the wettability, surface roughness, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) properties of maxillofacial silicone (VST-50) room temperature vulcanization (RTV). The data were analyzed statistically. The YSZNPs were introduced to the VST-50 RTV in percentages of 0.5% and 1% by weight. A total of 63 samples of VST-50 RTV maxillofacial silicone were prepared and tested. Each group was subdivided into three identica

This study investigates the photoluminescence properties of lead iodide (PbI₂) nanoparticles embedded in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix when illuminated by ultraviolet (UV) light. The PbI₂ nanoparticles, dispersed uniformly within the PVA polymer matrix, exhibit enhanced stability and efficient light emission due to the protective environment provided by PVA. Upon UV illumination, the PbI₂ nanoparticles generate visible light, with emission characteristics influenced by the nanoparticle size, concentration, and interaction with the PVA matrix. The role of PVA as a stabilizing agent and its effect on the photophysical properties of PbI₂ are analyzed, showing an improvement in quantum efficiency and photostability. This hybrid

Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are essential in nanotechnology applications due to their unique properties. MOFs can be easily tailored for specific uses by altering the metals or organic linkers involved, such as zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs). Among the several methods used to create nanoscale Zr-MOFs are microwave-assisted synthesis, solvothermal, sonochemical, ionothermal, and mechanochemical procedures. The synthesis, structure, and characterization of Zr-MOFs were compared in this project between conventional solvothermal and microwave-assisted methods for nitrogen adsorption/desorption. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA),

The study aimed to use beta-glucan extracted from barley to prepare eco-friendly silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using green synthesis methods. The barley variety "Abah 99" was used, with an extraction yield of 78% and a concentration of 4.71%. Field effect scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used, revealing an irregular spherical shape with sizes ranging from 13.829 to 56.233 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis showed the presence of Ag atoms at specific ratios in the sample. Zeta potential analysis confirmed the presence of negative charges on the green-synthesized particles (-18.7 mV). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed prominent peaks at 38.19, 44.37, 64.56, and 77.47, corresponding to the (111), (200), (220), and (311)

This paper presents the design and implementation of an E-shaped microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication. The antenna features several advantages, including low volume, low profile, easy mounting, lightweight construction, and low fabrication cost. It operates at 3.2 and 3.4 GHz, using an FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.3 and a thickness of 1.4 mm. The design incorporates two parallel slots to perturb the surface current patch. The E-shaped antenna achieves return losses of -13 dB and -16 dB at the operating frequencies of 3.2 and 3.4 GHz, respectively. The design and simulation were conducted using CST software, with coaxial probe feeding employed. Furthermore, this study investigates the effect of surface roug

This paper used the sol-gel dip-coating method to produce pure indium tin oxide (ITO) and ITO thin films doped with AlCl₃ at varying concentrations (50, 100, and 150 wt.%). Precursors such as InCl₃ and SnCl₄ were used in the synthesis. The synthesized ITO samples underwent thorough characterization using UV-Vis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FE-SEM/EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The XRD analysis revealed a strong peak for the (222) plane, showing that the indium oxide in the thin films is very well-organized. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of elements, including indium (In), o

TiO2 thin films have been deposited at different concentration of
CdO of (x= 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2) Wt. % onto glass substrates
by pulsed laser deposition technique (PLD) using Nd-YAG laser
with λ=1064nm, energy=800mJ and number of shots=500. The
thickness of the film was 200nm. The films were annealed to
different annealing (423 and 523) k. The effect of annealing
temperatures and concentration of CdO on the structural and
photoluminescence (PL) properties were investigated. X-ray
diffraction (XRD) results reveals that the deposited TiO2(1-x)CdOx
thin films were polycrystalline with tetragonal structure and many
peaks were appeared at (110), (101), (111) and (211) planes with
preferred orientatio

Thin films of CuPc of various thicknesses (150,300 and 450) nm have been deposited using pulsed laser deposition technique at room temperature. The study showed that the spectra of the optical absorption of the thin films of the CuPc  are two bands of absorption one in the visible region at about 635 nm, referred to as Q-band, and the second in ultra-violet region where B-band is located at 330 nm. CuPc thin films were found to have direct band gap with values around (1.81 and 3.14 (eV respectively. The vibrational studies were carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Finally, From open and closed aperture Z-scan data non-linear absorption coefficient and non-linear refractive index have been calculated res

Nano TiO₂ thin films on glass substrates were prepared at a constant temperature of (373 K) and base vacuum (10_-3 mbar), by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) using Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm wavelength. The effects of different laser energies between (700-1000)mJ on the properties of TiO₂ films was investigated. TiO₂ thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements have shown that the polycrystalline TiO₂ prepared at laser energy 1000 mJ. Preparation also includes optical transmittance and absorption measurements as well as measuring the uniformity of the surface of these films. Optimum parameters have been identified for the growth of high-quality TiO₂ films

In this study, gamma-ray spectrometry with an HPGe detector was used to measure the specific activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K in soil samples collected from IT1 oil reservoirs in Kirkuk city, northeast Iraq. The “spectral line Gp” gamma analysis software package was used to analyze the spectral data. ²²⁶Ra specific activity varies from 9  0.34 Bq.kg^-1 to 17  0.47 Bq.kg^-1. ²³²Th specific activity varies from 6.2  0.08 Bq.kg^-1 to 18  0.2 Bq.kg^-1. ⁴⁰K specific activity varies from 25  0.19 Bq.kg^-1 to 118  0.41 Bq.kg^-1. The radiological hazard due to the radiation emitted from natural r

Blends of Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) doped with 2% weight percentage of Sn were prepared with different blend ratios using casting technique. The measurements of A.C conductivity σa.c within the frequency range (25kHz – 5MHz) of undoped and Sn doped PMMA/PVA blends obeyed the relationship σ= Aw^s were the value of s within the range 0 > s > 1. The results showed that σa.c increases with the increase of frequency. The exponent s showed preceding increase with the increase of PVA content for PMMA/PVA blends doped with Sn. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss, A.C electrical conductivity are varied with the concentration of PVA in the blend and frequency of applied electrical field.

The properties of structural and optical of pure and doped nano titanium dioxide (TiO₂) films, prepared using chemical spray pyrolysis (CPS) technique, with different nanosize nickel oxide (NiO) concentrations in the range (3-9)wt% have been studied. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) technique where using to analysis the structure properties of the prepared thin films. The results revealed that the structure properties of TiO₂ have polycrystalline structure with anatase phase. The parameters, energy gap, extinction coefficient, refractive index, real and imaginary parts were studied using absorbance and transmittance measurements from a computerized ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-1601 PC) in the wavelength

Elbow stiffness is hard to treat and commonly resulted from trauma or degenerative arthritis. This study aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of using ultrasound therapy in management of stiff elbow joint resulted from several etiological factors. A total number of 42 patients (35 male and 7 female) allocated randomly from the Department of Physiotherapy at Al-yarmouk Teaching Hospital during 2013. Each patient examined physically by physiotherapist taking in consideration the measurement of the joint movement angle using goniometer in flexion and the extension, and the pain score using visual analogue scale (VAS). Ultrasound therapy initiated thrice weekly for two weeks. At the time of entry, the means degree of flexion and extension

Porous silicon (PS) layers are prepared by anodization for
different etching current densities. The samples are then
characterized the nanocrystalline porous silicon layer by X-Ray
Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Fourier
Transform Infrared (FTIR). PS layers were formed on n-type Si
wafer. Anodized electrically with a 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mA/cm2
current density for fixed 10 min etching times. XRD confirms the
formation of porous silicon, the crystal size is reduced toward
nanometric scale of the face centered cubic structure, and peak
becomes a broader with increasing the current density. The AFM
investigation shows the sponge like structure of PS at the lower
current density porous begi

In this research, design of advanced material for sunlight conversion requires focused research to obtain efficient photocatalytic system. Nanostructured ZnO was synthesized using spin coating technique. The structural, morphological and optical properties of annealed nanostructured ZnO thin film at 390 Co for 3 hours were characterized by x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscope AFM and UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Nanostructured ZnO was applied for removal Methylene Blue (MB) dye from water using sunlight induced photocatalytic process. Overall degradation of MB/ZnO was achieved after 120 minutes of sunlight irradiation while it needs more time for MB alone. The reaction rate constant fit pseudo first order for MB/ZnO degradation was 0.

This study focuses on synthesizing Niobium pentoxide (Nb₂O₅) thin films on silicon wafers and quartz substrates using DC reactive magnetron sputtering for NO₂ gas sensors. The films undergo annealing in ambient air at 800 °C for 1 hr. Various characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Hall effect measurements, and sensitivity measurements, are employed to evaluate the structural, morphological, electrical, and sensing properties of the Nb₂O₅ thin films. XRD analysis confirms the polycrystalline nature and hexagonal crystal structure of Nb₂O₅. The optical band gap val

In this work, spinel ferrites (NiCoFe₂O₄) were prepared as thin films by dc reactive dual-magnetron co-sputtering technique. Effects of some operation parameters, such as inter-electrode distance, and preparation conditions such as mixing ratio of argon and oxygen in the gas mixture, on the structural and spectroscopic characteristics of the prepared samples were studied. For samples prepared at inter-electrode distance of 5 cm, only one functional group of OH^- was observed in the FTIR spectra as all bands belonging to the metal-oxygen vibration were observed. Similarly, the XRD results showed that decreasing the pressure of oxygen in the gas mixture lead to grow more crystal planes in the samples prepare

In this work, satellite images for Razaza Lake and the surrounding area
district in Karbala province are classified for years 1990,1999 and
2014 using two software programming (MATLAB 7.12 and ERDAS
imagine 2014). Proposed unsupervised and supervised method of
classification using MATLAB software have been used; these are
mean value and Singular Value Decomposition respectively. While
unsupervised (K-Means) and supervised (Maximum likelihood
Classifier) method are utilized using ERDAS imagine, in order to get
most accurate results and then compare these results of each method
and calculate the changes that taken place in years 1999 and 2014;
comparing with 1990. The results from classification indicated that

The electronic characteristics, including the density of state and bond length, in addition to the spectroscopic properties such as IR spectrum and Raman scattering, as a function of the frequency of Sn₁₀O₁₆, C₂₄O_6, and hybrid junction (Sn₁₀O₁₆/C₂₄O₆) were studied. The methodology uses DFT for all electron levels with the hybrid function B3-LYP (Becke level, 3-parameters, Lee–Yang-Parr), with 6-311G (p,d)  basis set, and Stuttgart/Dresden (SDD) basis set, using Gaussian 09 theoretical calculations. The geometrical structures were calculated by Gaussian view 05 as a supplementary program. The band gap was calculated and compared to the measured valu