Particle-reinforced composites have demonstrated unique or excellent properties, which have made them suitable materials for application in many areas. In this study, 5-20 wt. % of mild steel microparticles were used in the reinforcement of epoxy resin matrix to produce polymer composites by stir casting technique. The microstructure of the composites was examined by employing a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In addition, their physical and mechanical properties were evaluated. The results revealed presence of pores in the samples and dispersion of ductile mild steel phase in the epoxy matrix phase. The density of the samples became higher as concentration of reinforcing mild steel particles increased, and reinforce

Due to the popularity of radar , receive often “ hear “ a great number of other transmitters in addition to their own return merely in noise . The dealing with the problem of identify and / or separating a sum of tens of such pulse trains from a number of different sources are often received on the one communication channel. It is then of interest to identify which pulses are from which source , based on the assumption that the different sources have different characteristics .This search deals with a graphical user interface (GUI) to generate the radar pulse in order to use the required radar signal in any specified location .

The present research is concerned with the future phase-out of halocarbon types of refrigerants used in the vapor compression refrigeration systems. A window-type air conditioner is selected for the tests to be conducted with two different refrigerants. It is well known that these cooling units are wide spread in their applications and are circulating R-22 as a refrigerant. It is intended to replace this type of refrigerant by another type which is considered to be as environmental friendly refrigerant for smooth operation. The refrigerant selected for this object was R-407C for its favorable thermal properties and acceptable pressure and temperature ranges. The effect of replacing this refrigerant as a substitute on the performance of t

In this research a theoretical study has been carried out on the behavior and strength of simply supported composite beams strengthened by steel cover plate taking into consideration partial interaction of shear connectors and nonlinear behavior of the materials and shear connectors. Following the procedure that already has been adopted by Johnson (1975), the basic differential equations of equilibrium and compatibility were reduced to single differential equation in terms of interface slip between concrete slab and steel beam. Furthermore, in order to consider the nonlinear behavior of steel, concrete and shear connectors, the basic equation was rearranged so that all terms related to materials are isol

ABSTRACT:
Engineering education should involve practical laboratory to support theoretical foundation and develop
student skills. These hands on laboratories have some disadvantages such as expensive, supervision required, time and place restrictions. This paper presents design and evaluation of a web based virtual laboratory for teaching Digital Signal Processing (DSP) to undergraduate students in Electromechanical Engineering Department at the University of Technology. The laboratory experiments includes classification of signals, sampling theorem, Fourier series, complex Fourier series, Fourier transform, inverse Fourier transform, discrete Fourier transform, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT),convolution , Z-transform, and digital fi

In this paper a robust governor has been designed using H∞ techniques to replace the conventional
governor of the steam turbine of the power system to regulate the frequency of the power grid. The robust governor is synthesized using state-space approach with time variations, neglected dynamics, and constant main steam pressure are considered in the design process. The proposed approach ensures internal stability, satisfying both frequency and time domains requirements, and obtaining minimal performance H∞-norm of the closed-loop system in one burden. The simulations are carried out using MATLAB and the results show that the overall system output performance can be improved using the proposed H∞ robust governor.

Gypseous soils are widely distributed and especially in Iraq where arid area of hot climatic is present. These soils are considered as problematic soils; therefore this work attends to improve the geotechnical properties of such soil and reduce the dangers of collapse due to wetting process. In this research, undisturbed soil sample of 30 % gypsum content from Karbala city is used. The Single Oedometer collapse test is used in order to investigate the collapse characteristics of natural soil and after treatment with 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 15% of Cutback Asphalt. Moreover, two selected additive percentages (9% and 12%) are used to evaluate the suitability of using the Cutback Asphalt for improvement of the bearing capacity o

The problem of generated waste as a result of the implementation of construction projects, has  been aggravated recently because of construction activity experienced by the world, especially Iraq, which is going through a period of reconstruction, where construction waste represents (20-40%) of the total generated waste and has a negative effect on the environment and economic side of the project. In addition, the rate of consumpted  amounts of natural resources are estimated to be about 40% in the construction industry, so it became necessary to reduce waste and to be manage well. This study aims to identify the key factors affecting waste management through the various phases of the project, and this is accom

This study focuses on the modeling of manufactured damper when used in steel buildings. The main aim of the manufactured dampers is to protect the steel buildings from the damaging effects that may result due to earthquakes by introducing an extra damping in addition to the traditional damping.
Only Pure Manufactured Dampers, has been considered in this study. Viscous modeling of damping is generally preferred in structural engineering as it leads to a linear model then it has been used during this study to simulate the behavior of the Pure Manufactured Damper.
After definition of structural parameters of a manufactured damper (its stiffness and its damping) it can be used as a structural element that can be added to a mathematica

Coagulation - flocculation are basic chemical engineering method in the treatment of metal-bearing industrial wastewater because it removes colloidal particles, some soluble compounds and very fine solid suspensions initially present in the wastewater by destabilization and formation of flocs. This research was conducted to study the feasibility of using natural coagulant such as okra and mallow and chemical coagulant such as alum for removing Cu and increase the removal efficiency and reduce the turbidity of treated water. Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) was carried out for okra and mallow before and after coagulant to determine their type of functional groups. Carbonyl and hydroxyl functional groups on the surface of

Al-Chibayish Marsh (CM)  is considered as the major part of Central Marshes area of this marsh is 1050 Km². The water quality of these marshes is suffering from salt accumulation due to intensive dam construction, limited supply of water from sources,  climate change impacts, and the absence of outlet flow from these marshes, specifically at low flow periods. So, the current research aims to assess and improve these marshes' hydraulic behavior and water quality and define the best location for outlet drains.  Field measurements and laboratory tests were conducted for two periods (November 2020 and February 2021) to define the (TDS) concentrations at nine different locations. Samples were also examined for water's phy

Numerical and experimental investigation of blood flow through stenotic and tapered arteries under pulsation condition are studied. Blood is considered as non-Newtonian fluid. Artery is considered as a rigid wall tapered vessel with different tapering angles (0.5o
, 1o ,1.5o ), as well as, straight vessel for comparison. The governing equations have been written in stream- vorticity method
and are transformed into generalized coordinate system. The time marching has been employed to solve the resulting partial differential equations. The experimental work carried out to examine pressure in vessel and pressure drop across the stenosis under pulsation condition. Differential pressure transducer coupled to the data acquision card

Sewer system plays an essential task in urban cities by protecting public health and the environment. The operation, maintenance, and rehabilitation of this network have to be sustainable and scientifically. For this purpose, it is crucial to support operators, decision makers and municipalities with performance evaluation procedure that is based on operational factors. In this paper, serviceability and performance indicator (PI) principles are employed to propose methodology comprising two enhanced PI curves that can be used to evaluate the individual sewers depending on operational factors such as flowing velocity and wastewater level in the sewers. To test this methodology; a case study of al-Rusafa in Baghdad city is

The present work evaluated the differences in mechanical properties of two athletic prosthetic feet samples when subjected to impact while running. Two feet samples designated as design A and B were manufactured using layers of different orientations of woven glass fiber reinforced with unsaturated polyester resin as bonding epoxy. The samples’ layers were fabricated with hand lay-up method. A theoretical study was carried out to calculate the mechanical properties of the composite material used in feet manufacturing, then experimental load-deflection  test was applied at 0 degree position and 25 degree dorsiflexion feet position  and impact test were applied for both feet designs to observe the behavior

Efficient design of weaving sections is critical for maintaining smooth traffic flow on urban arterial roads. This study investigates optimal weaving lengths (WL) for improving traffic flow efficiency using two weaving sections located on Malik Mahmud Ring Road in Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, as a case study. Traffic and geometric data were collected through drone footage and processed using data from Sky Viewer to extract detailed vehicle trajectories. A calibrated and validated microsimulation model was developed in PTV VISSIM 2024 to replicate real-world traffic conditions. A full factorial experimental design tested the effects of WL, mainline traffic volume, and weaving volume on section performance. T

Potentiometric sensing utilizes reference ion-selective electrodes to determine the electrochemical concentration of target ions under various chemical conditions. Electrodes made from zinc (Zn) ions are used as electrochemical sensors to detect water pollution caused by heavy metals. In this work, the sensor device consisted of Zn ions as an ion exchanger and polyvinyl chloride and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate as plasticizers. The response properties of these electrodes, the ultraviolet-visible spectrum of samples, the calibration curve, the concentration range, and the pH effect were studied. The empirical results illustrate that the electrode exhibited a linear range from )1 × ) M with a correlation coefficient 0.983

In this study, the combined effect of fiber orientation and loading frequency on tension–tension fatigue behavior of woven Kevlar/epoxy laminates was examined. Specimens with fiber orientations of 0°, 23°, and 45° were fabricated via hand lay-up and tested according to ASTM D3039 and ASTM D3479 standards. Static tensile tests with ultimate tensile strengths (UTS) of 276.1 MPa (0°), 159.2 MPa (23°), and 185.81 MPa (45°) showed clear orientation dependence. Fatigue stresses were normalized using (σ_max/UTS), Fatigue experiments were conducted at stress levels ranging from 55%to 90% of (UTS) and at two loading frequencies, 5 and 15 Hz. and the results were interpreted through normalized S–N curves, Basquin regression fi

Since seismic reflection data produce comprehensive subsurface images that reveal geological structures likely to contain minerals, oil, and gas, they are essential for resource exploitation. When paired with well logs, these data enable seismic and petrophysical assessments that lower drilling risks and boost efficiency. Wireline logs from five wells and seismic coverage of the Nasiriyah oil field (Dhi-Qar Governorate), processed with Schlumberger software, were used to characterize the Yamama reservoir. Synthetic seismograms connected reservoir tops to seismic data; however, resistivity and gamma logs helped with correlation and sequence delineation. Wells' correlation described the migration routes of hydrocarbons and

The paper presents the design and modeling of a twenty-channel, bidirectional WDM-PON architecture with IM/DD for the 5G fronthaul in C-RAN systems. The proposed architecture is fully compliant with the ITU-T G-series Supplement 66 requirements on next-generation fronthaul interfaces. Each channel has a data-carrying bit rate of 25 Gbps, thus yielding a total capacity of 500 Gbps for the entire system. The entire design has been simulated in OptiSystem V.22. The analysis of the BER for different lengths of fiber and continuous wave laser power conditions provides the performance evaluation. Through simulation results, it can be confirmed that the system conforms to the F1 and Fx functional split specifications that are u

The urban fabric of contemporary cities is experiencing a decline in spatial memory and collective identity as a result of rapid transformations in urban form and behavior. This research is based on the hypothesis that the continuity and spatial integration of the morphological structure enhance spatial perception and belonging, and that this interconnectedness forms the basis for reviving urban identity. The study adopts an analytical-comparative approach that combines digital spatial analysis using DepthmapX and social analysis through a field survey of residents. This approach compares three historic cities that represent different patterns of spatial memory revival: Fez, which preserved the coherence of its organic f

Bridges are one of Baghdad’s most important infrastructure elements, today they are not only for crossing the river and connecting Karkh and Rusafa, but serve as strategic tools to ease traffic congestion resulting from population density and rapid urbanization. With a population exceeding eight million and a growing number of vehicles, maintaining and sustaining bridges through continuous monitoring and inspection has become essential. Yet the current inspection process faces many challenges. This research aims to identify factors hindering optimal bridge inspection and to provide solutions for improved inspection performance. These challenges stem from managerial, technological, economic and environmental issues, red

One of the biggest problems facing the construction sector throughout the globe is financial risks. This is especially true for building projects in Iraq.  These hazards often result in project delays and budgetary constraints.  The goal of this research is to find the reasons behind financial hazards.  A questionnaire was used to discover and extract sub-factors.  A probability and effect matrix was also used to provide a quantitative study of these parameters. We also utilized the relative relevance index to rank the hazards.  The study's findings revealed that eight factors significantly influenced the project, categorized as high risk: inaccurate cost estimates, delayed client payment processes, clients' financi

The combination of quantum materials into electrochemical systems provides a novel procedure in advanced energy storage technology. This study focused on the use of magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene (MATBG); a material known for its unconventional superconductivity and superfluid stiffness scaling at cryogenic temperatures suitable for enhancing battery interfaces under room temperature conditions. By exploiting the quantum capacitance of MATBG and incorporating it in an adapted Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) theoretical framework, this study achieved substantial and remarkable improvements in interfacial energetics and charge-transfer kinetics. Explicitly, the modified PNP model showed a 50% reduction in interfacial potential gradients

This work prepared new composite (Ag₂O/AC) used as adsorbent and oxidation from activated carbon (AC) prepared from Upholstery waste (UW) by carbonization and precipitation methods by hydrated 5% silver nitrate (AgNO₃) by Photo Oxidation Batch Reactor (POBR) to organic elimination from refinery wastewater (RWW) through a batch technique and compared between them on activated carbon. The FTIR, FE-SEM, EDX and BET analyses were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of the AC and Ag₂O/AC samples. The removal efficiency of organic contaminants was inspected under four working conditions: dose (0.2-1 g), pH (3-9), agitation speed (100-300 rpm), and contact time (30-120 min). The

Kindergarten architecture plays an important role in shaping children’s perception and learning. However, many designs still fail to systematically translate educational theories into tangible spatial solutions. This gap highlights the research problem addressed in the present study as the absence of integrated architectural indicators that connect children’s perceptual development, learning styles and philosophical ideas with the design of kindergartens. The aim of the paper is to develop a consistent set of design indicators which could lead to the creation of a captivating learning environment by the architects as well as the educators. In the methodological approach, the study determines six types of learning sty

Biomimicry is a newly emerging science that relies on inspiration and innovation to solve human problems by studying the systems, forms, and relationships found in nature. This research examines more than 50 studies, each addressing the concept of biomimicry in a specific field. Despite the novelty of this concept, it still requires detailed and extensive studies to achieve comprehensive sustainability in architectural designs. This research aims to build a comprehensive theoretical framework for sustainable biomimicry mechanisms in architecture. Accordingly, the concept of biomimicry in architectural design will be addressed on two levels. The first includes the concept within the field of architecture: the exterior str

In unpredicted industrial environment, being able to adapt quickly and effectively to the changing is key in gaining a competitive advantage in the global market. Agile manufacturing evolves new ways of running factories to react quickly and effectively to changing markets, driven by customized requirement. Agility in manufacturing can be successfully achieved via integration of information system, people, technologies, and business processes. This article presents the conceptual model of agility in three dimensions named: driving factor, enabling technologies and evaluation of agility in manufacturing system. The conceptual model was developed based on a review of the literature. Then, the paper demonstrates the agility

Owing to the energy crisis and pollution problems of today, investigations have concentrated on
decreasing fuel consumption and on lowering the concentration of toxic components in combustion
products by using non-petroleum, renewable, sustainable and non-polluting fuels. While conventional energy sources such as natural gas, oil and coal are non-renewable, alcohol can be coupled to renewable and sustainable energy sources.
In this study, the combustion characteristics of diesel fuel and methanol blends were compared.
The tests were performed at steady state conditions in a four-cylinder DI diesel engine at full load at
1500-rpm engine speed. The experimental results showed that diesel methanol blends provided
12.7% inc

An experimental and numerical study has been carried out to investigate the heat transfer by natural convection and radiation in a two dimensional annulus enclosure filled with porous media (glass beads) between two horizontal concentric cylinders. The outer cylinders are of (100, 82 and70mm) outside diameters and the inner cylinder of 27 mm outside diameter with (or without) annular fins attached to it. Under steady state condition; the inner cylinder surface is maintained at a high temperature by applying a uniform heat flux and the outer cylinder surface at a low temperature inside a freezer. The experiments were carried out for an annulus filled with
glass beads at a range of modified Rayleigh number (4.9 ≤ Ra≤ 69), radiation

This research shows the experimental results of the bending moment in a flexible and rigid raft foundation rested on dense sandy soil with different embedded depth throughout 24 tests. A physical model of dimensions (200mm*200mm) and (320) mm in height was constructed with raft foundation of (10) mm thickness for flexible raft and (23) mm for rigid raft made of reinforced concrete. To imitate the seismic excitation shaking table skill was applied, the shaker was adjusted to three frequencies equal to (1Hz,2Hz, and 3Hz) and displacement magnitude of (13) mm, the foundation was located at four different embedment depths (0,0.25B = 50mm,0.5B = 100mm, and B = 200mm), where B is the raft width. Generally, the maximum bending