Sustainable architecture has became one of the most important architectural concepts on earth
today because of the energy crises. Architecture is concerned as the largest energy consuming field ,so that one of the main goals of modern architecture is to reduce energy consumption or reticence it from building if possible . Sustainable architecture is a modern and new concept. It is used sometimes to refer to green ,intelligent and environmental architecture , and that make it confused term , therefore the main goals of this research is to clear the main important pillars of this architectural concept (reduce costs , reduce the environment pollution , reserve energy ) as a first goal. Second goal establishing The Procedural definiti

Affinity is a term used to describe the amount of the adhesion bond between asphalt binder and aggregate. Adhesion force may be used as indicator to the amount of energy or work required to breakdown the adhesive bond between asphalt binder and aggregate. In order to study affinity between asphalt binder and aggregate, a modified device is manufacture locally similar to Rolling Bottle Test (RBT) to Predicted the degree of affinity between asphalt binder and aggregate; taking into consideration mineral composition with physical properties of asphalt binder to measure required force to separate asphalt binder from aggregate surface. In this study, suggest new parameters to represent the stripping or affinity phenomena (aff

An experimental study was carried out for an evaporative cooling system in order to investigate the effect of using an aluminum pad coated with fabric polyester. In the present work, it was considered to use a new different type of cooling medium and test its performance during the change in the wet-bulb temperature and dry-bulb temperature of the supply air outside of the pad, the relative humidity of the supply air, the amount of air supplied (300-600) CFM and also the change of the amount of circulated water (1.75, 2.5, 4.5) liter per minute. A decrease in the WBT of the air was obtained, whereas the WBT of the air entering the pad was 26.5 . In contrast, the WBT of the outside air had reached 23  even though eva

Cohesive soils present difficulties in construction projects because it usually contains expansive clay minerals. However, the engineering properties of cohesive soils can be stabilized by using various techniques. The research aims to elaborate on the influences of using hydrated lime on the consistency, compaction, and shear strength properties of clayey soil samples from Sulaimnai city, northern Iraq. The proportions of added hydrated lime are 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% to the natural soil sample. The results yielded considerable effects of hydrated lime on the engineering properties of the treated soil sample and enhancement its strength. The soil's liquid limit, plasticity index, and optimum moisture content were de

Contingency analysis is a valuable tool for a reliable planning and secure operation of a power system. Centingency analysis techniques must consider the impact of voltage effects as well as line flow effects. If the potential outage of a line or a generator would result in the overl rload of another line, then the system is said to be vulnerable. Without line overloading correction it may cause cascade outages and lead to failures in the whole system.

An efficient contingency analysis model for detecting both branch MVA flow violations and bus voltage limit violations is presented. A fast technique has been developed for automatic contingency ranking and selection of contingency cases for a power system contingency analysis stud

Dilute emulsified oil in water (50-500 ppm) was removed by electrocoagulatin and
electroflotation process. Effects of various parameters such as current density, initial pH, sodium
chloride concentration, different electrodes material, gap, temperature, electrodes surface area, and
treatment time on the removal efficiency were studied in batch and continuous mode.It was found
that the higher removal efficiency (99%) achieved at pH of 7.5 for Al/Al electrodes while for iron
electrodes at pH 8 in the batch mode.
 The removal efficiency increased and the treatment time decreased with increasing the current
density and decreasing the gap distance between electrodes.
The removal efficiency was (99%) at

Vibration of base isolated machine foundations has been studied using the Scaled
Boundary Finite Element Method (SBFEM) and the cone model method. The
dynamic stiffness of soil supporting rigid massless foundation was determined. This
stiffness is of complex value. The real part represents the reflected energy of the
restoring and inertial forces while the imaginary part represents the energy dissipated
within the endless extent of the soil as a geometric damping. The effect of geometric
and material properties of soil upon the real and imaginary parts of the dynamic
stiffness was determined and represented in terms of dimensionless charts for the
frequency range of interest. Results have shown tha

his paper presents the design of a sliding mode controller for an uncertain model of a TORA system (Translational Oscillations with a Rotational Actuator) as a two DOF underactuated mechanical system. The switching function is selected to make the TORA system an asymptotically stable mass-spring system with a nonlinear damping effect when the sliding mode controller constrains the state to the sliding manifold. This sliding mode controller is derived here according to a new formula consisting of continuous and discontinuous parts. The main obstacle in the controller design is the uncertainty in the switching function, which appears in the controller formula. The sliding controller is found effective in bringing the system state to the ne

Construction projects have a special nature and affect them many factors making them exposed to multiple risks as a result of the length of the implementation period and the multiplicity of stages, starting from the decision stage through implementation until the final delivery, which leads to increased uncertainty and the likelihood of risk.
The process of analysis and risk management is one of the effective and productive methods that are used in managing the construction projects for the purpose of increasing the chances of ending the project successfully in terms of cost, time and quality and at the lowest possible problems.

The research aims first to the effective planning for analysis and risk managemen

A general method using the theory of thin-walled structures is given for determining the natural frequencies und mode shape for box -girder of varying depth having closed section, subjected to torsion and bending using a grillage method and finite element method (plate /shell, MSC. NASTRAN). Consistent mass matrices related to torsion and bi- moment effects have been derived using shape functions corresponding to an assumed polynomial deflection configuration, also stiffness and consistent mass matrices for flexural behavior including the effect of shear deformation and rotary inertia in bending. The stiffness matrix for beam element under non-uniform torsion is presented by using the differential equation of equilibrium. A special compu

In this paper an energy equivalence approach is suggested for the dynamic analysis of tapered chimneys. For any mode of vibration; by equating the kinetic energy of the actual chimney 1o that of an equivalent prismatic chimney, a hypothetical equivalent uniform mass has been obtained for the equivalent chimney. Also, by equating the strain energy of the actual and equivalent prismatic chimney, a hypothetical equivalent constant moment of inertia has been derived for the equivalent chimney .The accuracy of the proposed equivalent prismatic model has been checked by comparing the results with that of the conventional segmented model using the stiffness method, which is deemed to be the more rigorous solution. Free and forced dynamic analys

Plastic soil exhibits unfavorited geotechnical properties (when saturation), which causes negative defects to engineering structures. Different attempts (included various materials) were conducted to proffer solutions to such defects by experimenting in practical ways. On one hand, these attempts aimed to improve the engineering characteristics of plastic soil, and on the other hand, to use problematic waste materials as a stabilizer, like cement kiln dust, and to reduce environmental hazards. This paper explored the shrinkage, plasticity, and strength behavior of plastic soil enhanced with cement dust. The cement dust contents were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by dry weight of soil. An experimental series of shrinkage and p

The aesthetic expression and its orders are important for steel structures forming. Steel structures are a compilation of structural elements, where its shapes have standard dimensions and pre-fabricated. As the steel construction systems not only aim to achieve the functional requirements for users, but must also have the symbolic aesthetics which provides visually and cognitive expression for viewers. In this sense the research interested in expressional aesthetics in these systems and highlights the importance of attention as structural items. Therefore the visual items which related with steel structures contain some of the most powerful forms of modern architecture, steel structures with a glass cladding, agility an

This paper studies the two-dimensional analysis of the consolidation process for partially saturated soils applied to an earth embankment mainly from the theoretical point of view. The method of finite elements is used to find a numerical solution to describe the behavior of soils during consolidation. Moreover, this study was carried for both, isothermal and non-isothermal cases.
The case of two–dimensional, plane strain consolidation is considered, as it is widely needed in the studies of soil mechanics. The parameters studied are displacement in the y–direction, pore water pressure, pore air pressure, and temperature. The embankment was constructed in Basrah - Iraq, where the temperature is usually high at most days of the year

Most communities seek, which possesses a cultural legacy to communicate with the past and to reach the best possible legislation to help them protect their cultural. 
Tourism as the economic development based on the data in light distinct places, including  traditional and historical environments requiring activated and revived in my adopting the concept of transnational Revival Tourism. Through the survey data in environments where conventional and (historical - Sensationalism) theoretically and practically, it was drawn from a number of indicators truth spatial phenomenon and the phenomenon depends show and try on a number of variables and interventions including historical and philosophical interpretations of those facts,

In recent years, there has been expanding development in the vehicular part and the number of vehicles moving on the road in all the sections of the country. Vehicle number plate identification based on image processing is a dynamic area of this work; this technique is used for security purposes such as tracking of stolen cars and access control to restricted areas. The License Plate Recognition System (LPRS) exploits a digital camera to capture vehicle plate numbers is used as input to the proposed recognition system. Basically, the developing system is consist of three phases, vehicle license plate localization, character segmentation, and character recognition, the License Plate (LP) detection is presented using canny

This paper represents an experimentalattempt to predict the influence of CO2-MAG welding variables on the shape factors of the weld joint geometry. Theinput variables were welding arc voltage, wire feeding speed and gas flow rate to investigate their effects on the shape factorsof the weld joint geometry in terms of weld joint dimensions (bead width, reinforcement height, and penetration). Design of experiment with response surface methodology technique was employed to buildmathematical models for shape factors in terms of the input welding variables. Thepredicted models were found quadratic type and statistically checked by ANOVA analysis for adequacy purpose. Also, numerical and graphical optimizations were carried out

The research investigates the role of the Campus Landscape Design in
achieving a complete semio-communicational structure that creates a continuous
dialogue between the perceiver and the physical entity of the urban environment (through the unconscious recall of meanings and semiotic indexes implicit therein)
and achieves individuals' sense of belonging to place , thereby emphasizing the
human ,social and cultural role of the university and its vital contribution in building
up the Whole Man .The absence of a comprehensive theoretical framework for the
role of the Landscape Design in achieving a semio-communicational structure for the
campus urban environment ,constitutes the main research problem.This

Wellbore instability is a significant problem faced during drilling operations and causes loss of circulation, caving, stuck pipe, and well kick or blowout. These problems take extra time to treat and increase the Nonproductive Time (NPT). This paper aims to review the factors that influence the stability of wellbores and know the methods that have been reached to reduce them. Based on a current survey, the factors that affect the stability of the wellbore are far-field stress, rock mechanical properties, natural fractures, pore pressure, wellbore trajectory, drilling fluid chemicals, mobile formations, naturally over-pressured shale collapse, mud weight, temperature, and time. Also, the most suitable ways to reduce well

This research is focusing on finding more effective polymers that leads to enhance the rheological properties of Water Base Muds. The experiments are done for different types of mud for all substances which are Polyacrylamide, Xanthan gum, CMC (Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose). This study shows the effect of add polymer to red bentonite mud, effect of add polymer to Iraqi bentonite mud, the effect of add bentonite to polymer mud. The mud properties of Iraqi bentonite blank are enhanced after adding the polymers to the blank mix, CMC gives the highest value of plastic viscosity and Gel strength than others; X-anthan gives the highest value of yield point and gel strength than others. For the red bentonite mud, Polyacrylamide ha

Drip irrigation is one of the conservative irrigation techniques since it implies supplying water directly on the soil through the emitter; it can supply water and fertilizer directly into the root zone. An equation to estimate the wetted area in unsaturated soil is taking into calculating the water absorption by roots is simulated numerically using HYDRUS (2D/3D) software. In this paper, HYDRUS comprises analytical types of the estimate of different soil hydraulic properties. Used one soil type, sandy loam, with three types of crops; (corn, tomato, and sweet sorghum), different drip discharge, different initial soil moisture content was assumed, and different time durations. The relative error for the different hydrauli

In recent years, many city centers have experienced severe traffic congestion due to focusing on personal transportation, with cars being the easiest and fastest means of travel. The excessive use of cars has led to neglect of social and environmental aspects, further exacerbating the issue. Historical city centers are particularly affected as they are often commercial hubs with an organic network of roads that increase the difficulty of access and movement. As a result, congestion has intensified, and cars have become the only means of transportation between different parts of the city. This research aims to analyze the effects of traffic congestion in city centers by focusing on a case study of AlKarkh. The study relie

This study examined experimentally and numerically the performance of five concrete beams reinforced with longitudinal and transverse bars made of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) or steel. All beams had the same dimensions of 2700 mm in length, 180 mm in width, and 260 mm in depth. The beams were classified into two groups with different variables and compared with a reference beam reinforced with longitudinal and transverse steel bars. The first group consisted of two beams with longitudinal GFRP bars and no stirrups, varying the main reinforcement ratio. The second group comprised two beams with longitudinal GFRP bars and transverse GFRP or steel stirrups, varying the stirrup type. The results indicated that the

For the time being, the cold-formed sections are widely used due to their simple manufacturing and construction processes. To be feasible, the strength of cold-formed columns should be determined based on their post-buckling behavior. Post-buckling relations are cumbersome and need design aids similar to those of American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) to be applicable. These design aids have been developed to sections and materials other than those available in the local market. Therefore, this paper tries to develop a general finite element model to simulate the postbuckling behavior of cold-formed steel columns. Shell element has been used to discretize the web, flanges, and lips of the column. A linear bucking analy

teen sites Baghdad are made. The sites are divided into two groups, one in Karkh and the other in Rusafa. Assessing the underground conditions can be occurred by drilling vertical holes called exploratory boring into the ground, obtaining soil (disturbed and undisturbed) samples, and testing these samples in a laboratory (civil engineering laboratory /University of Baghdad). From disturbed, the tests involved the grain size analysis and then classified the soil, Atterberg limit, chemical test (organic content, sulphate content, gypsum content and chloride content). From undisturbed samples, the test involved the consolidation test (from this test, the following parameters can be obtained: initial void ratio eo, compression index cc, swel

This work provides an analysis of the thermal flow and behavior of the (load-free) refrigerator compartment. The main goal was to compare the thermal behavior inside the refrigerator cavity to the freezer door (home refrigerator) effect and install a fan on the freezer door while neglecting the heat transmitted by thermal radiation. Moreover, the velocity distribution, temperature, and velocity path lines are theoretically studied. This was observed without affecting the shelves inside the cabinet and the egg and butter places on the refrigerator door as they were removed and the aluminum door replaced with a glass door. This study aims to expand our knowledge about the temperature and flow fields of this refrigerator mo

Production of biodegradable polymer matrix biocomposites that are cost effective, sustainable, and environmentally friendly with desirable properties using particles as discontinuous phase (filler) is a welcome development. In this study, bamboo particle reinforced epoxy resin matrix biocomposites were developed by stir casting method. Varied weight percentages (5 to 30 wt. %)  of  100 µm bamboo particles were added separately and blended with an epoxy resin – hardener matrix. The blends were fed into a fabricated wooden mould and allowed to cure at room temperature. After 24 hrs, the specimens were removed from the mould and subjected to microstructural examination using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Furthe

Whenever a mathematical model is suggested to classing COVID-19. The population must be divided into several groups and our model has five groups namely S(t), E(t), I(t), V(t) and R(t) which represent susceptible, exposed, inflected, vaccinated and recovered individuals respectively. This model is a continuous dynamical system where the derivative is in fractional form. An analysis solution evaluates the positivity of the functions S(t), E(t), I(t), V(t) and R(t) as solutions of the system. The uniformity of the solutions of the system under consideration is also proved. And finding the equilibrium points. To get acceptable results one needs the solutions. Some of the solutions are points called equilibrium points and th

The Weather Generation Model “LARSWG” and hydrological Model “SWAT” used in this study to estimate the quantity of future surface runoff in the Sahiliya Valley located within the Iraqi western desert. The weather data for the last ten years used as input in the LARSWG model to generate future weather data under the effect of climate change. In this model, the statistical test analysis done automatically, with two statistical test values, the (KS-value) test and the (p-value) test. The results of these tests are equal or close to zero (0.0) for KS-values, and equal or somewhat close to one (1.o) for p-values, which means the LARS-WG model is perfect for generating rainfall and temperature, and is more suitable in

A theoretical study is done to treat Baghdad biomedical wastes (5.21 tons/day) using many treatment methods according to construction and maintenance costs, energy and water consumption and decreasing waste volume and mass. Previous published experimental data results and experimental operation conditions are considered in the current research. The thermal energy and generated wastes are computed from the complete combustion of biomedical wastes (100 kg/h) from two hospitals in Baghdad. Survey data shows that the Medical City and Al-Yarmouk Hospital generate about (700 kg /day) of biomedical waste. A multi-chamber incinerator with a capacity of (100 kg/h) has been designed to burn biomedical wastes using diesel fuel to r