This study investigated the role of probiotics in treating echinococcosis, considering three time periods (3, 5, and 7 months) and three bacterial dilutions. Mice were injected subperitoneally before and after primary infection with the rudiments. Before infection, the mice were injected with the Pro-30Max probiotics twice, with 48 hours interval. On the fifth day, they were infected with protoscoleces, and after 48 hours they were treated with the bacteria. The injections continued every 72 hours for all periods. A decrease in the number and weight of hydatid cysts was recorded reaching the value of 0.00 mg. Whereas a decrease in the weight of the liver and spleen and their inflation factors were recorded after 7, 5 and 3 months. The lo

The significance of media alerts in influencing public perception and response during disease outbreaks is of paramount importance. This research investigates how media alerts affect the epidemiological model by taking into account both asymptomatic and symptomatic cases. Media alerts serve as a powerful tool for raising awareness about the disease, driving people to undergo testing and diagnosis, and promoting adherence to public health measures. This, in turn, contributes to better reporting and surveillance of cases, leading to a more accurate representation of disease spread in the model. The proposed model introduces a five-dimensional compartment system that includes susceptible, asymptomatic, symptomatic, recovered populations and

The privacy, confidentiality, and integrity of user information are very important concerns; therefore, cryptography is the solution to keep and satisfy these objectives. Encryption is the most important policy that is used to make transmitted messages have a high level of security and be so difficult to crack by attackers. The main aim of this research is divided into two parts: The aim of Part 1 is to obtain the highest level of complexity against the attacker by applying six classical cryptography algorithms to the same plain-text message. These six algorithms are Vigenère, Porta, Autokey, Beaufort, Trithemuis, and Gronsfeld. Also, in this part, several analysis tools are used to evaluate the performance of the six algorithms: entrop

Heavy metals and metalloids can accumulate in the soil, cause severe risks to human health and the ecosystem, and threaten the sustainable use and management of soil resources. This study investigated the Distribution and levels of heavy metals in soils of different lands in Abu-Ghraib (AGP), Baghdad, Iraq. Twenty-seven samples from cultivated soil and two uncultivated soil samples were collected during February 2023 from the surface layer (0–30 cm depth) and analyzed for major oxides and heavy metals. Different parameters were utilized to investigate the naturality of studied soils, including grain size analysis, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and trace elements (TEs) concentration. Analysis of grain s

Many important archaeological sites in Iraq still need to be preserved. Some of these sites were subjected to destruction and negligence. So, exploring these sites represents a priority for its protection. A 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) as a non-invasive geophysical survey method was implemented at a part of the Borsippa archaeological site near Babylon to search for the subsurface archaeological artefacts/structures. Electrical resistivity measurements were carried out using a Dipole-Dipole array. Steps were taken to process and filter using Horizontal profiles, forward modelling, and 2D inverse models to analyze the resistivity measurements. The ERI inversion results show that the superficial conductive zone produced variati

The presented study investigates the scheduling regarding  jobs on a single machine. Each  job is processed with no interruptions and becomes available for processing at time 0. The aim is to find a processing order with regard to jobs, minimizing “multi-criteria and multi-objective” for two problems. The first problem considers the summation completion time , summation late work , and maximal tardiness , while the second problem considers the total completion time , total earliness , and maximum tardiness . In addition, a sub-problem is presented for each problem and denoted by 1//  and 1//  for the first and second problems, respectively, which is an NP-hard problem. Two meta-heuristics methods “particle swarm optimization (P

Infectious toxoplasmosis, caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, is a prevalent zoonotic disease that affects humans and warm-blooded animals. Cytokines are a class of signaling molecules that are widely employed in cellular communication; cells produce them, and they have an impact on how other cells interact. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between serum levels and gene expression of interleukin18 in miscarried women with toxoplasmosis. A Total of 200 blood samples from patients and controls were collected from Baghdad, Iraq between November 2021 and March 2022 which were used to measure gene expression of IL-18 using real-time PCR. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to d

In this work, new Schiff bases of quinazolinone derivatives (Q1-Q5) were synthesized from methyl anthranilate. The synthesis involved three steps. In the first step, methyl anthranilate was reacted with isothiocyanatobenzene, producing the thiourea derivative K1. The second step entailed reacting K1 with hydrazine hydrate, synthesizing 3-amino-2-(phenylamino) quinazolin-4(3H)-one (K2). The third step involved reaction of K2 with various aromatic aldehydes, yielding the Schiff bases derivatives Q1-Q5. The chemical structures of these compounds were identified by FT-IR,¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The newly synthesized derivatives (Q1-Q5) were subjected to rigorous evaluation to assess their efficacy as corrosion

This work aimed to select a safe and bacteriocin-producing isolate of Lactobacillus to use it as a probiotic for treating Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with burn infections. For this purpose, 151 burn wound swabs were collected from patients to isolate the most common multi-drug resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa that could be used as an indicator. In addition, thirty-six Lactobacillus isolates were collected from different sources and subjected to a screening program to evaluate their antagonism activities against MDR P. aeruginosa. Based on results, the isolate Lactobacillus HLB12 showed a highest bacteriocin production which was further characterized as Limosilactobacillus f

In this paper, an ecological model with stage-structure in prey population, fear, anti-predator and  harvesting are suggested. Lotka-Volterra  and Holling type II functional responses have been  assumed to describe the feeding processes . The local and global stability of steady points of this model  are  established. Finally, the global dynamics are studied numerically to investigate the influence of the parameters on the solutions of the system, especially the effect of fear and anti-predation. 

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a form of arthritis that predominantly affects the spine and is characterized by immune and skeletal disorders causing deterioration in structural integrity, functional capability, and overall quality of life. This study aimed to estimate IL-40 serum level in Iraqi men who had AS. Blood samples were obtained from 100 patients (with AS) and 100 men (controls group). The enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay was used to measure the IL-40 level in blood samples. The investigation's findings showed that the typical patient’s age was 40.56 ± 10.19 years old. While the control group's average age was 38.76 ± 10.52 years. The results found that the duration of the disease was< 5 years in 44% of cases, 5-10 yea

This study evaluated the effect of two different types of amino group-containing pharmacological inhibitors on titanium corrosion under acidic conditions. The first inhibitor examined was the antibiotic trimethoprim. The second inhibitor studied was the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug voltaren. The results showed that titanium had a high corrosion current in the absence of a corrosion inhibitor, however, trimethoprim notably enhanced corrosion resistance and protection percentages of titanium (%IE) at higher concentrations by adhering to the metal surface, as evidenced by improved protection percentages. Furthermore, the results showed that as Voltaren concentration was increased, both corrosion resistance and inhibition efficiency d

This study synthesized polyacetal from the reaction of polyvinyl alcohol with para-nitrobenzaldehyde. Polyacetal/polyvinylpyrrolidone polymer blends were prepared using solution casting. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were biosynthesized using onion peel extract as the reducing agent. Nanocomposites were fabricated by blending polyacetal/PVP with AuNPs and AgNPs at different ratios. XRD and FESEM characterized the AuNPs and AgNPs. FTIR, FESEM, TGA, and DSC characterized the polyacetal, polymer blends, and nanocomposites. DSC and TGA confirmed the improved thermal stability of the polymer blends and nanocomposites. Nanocomposites demonstrated higher efficacy in inhibiting lung cancer cell lines compared to the

This study introduces a novel topological space named the nano Ɽ-space, which is based on the principles of nano topological spaces. Thus, the reconstruction of this space and their properties are demonstrated and explored, accompanied by illustrative examples to aid in understanding its nature. Furthermore, the investigation of the practical implications of the nano Ɽ-space through a series of case studies involving pediatric patients diagnosed with leukemia. Then, by examining the symptoms exhibited by these patients and their impact on the equivalence relations within the nano Ɽ-space, the elucidate the applied aspect of this novel topological framework. the findings indicate that the presence of unexplained bruises on the body

This study included investigating red lead oxide effects on the bodies of laboratory animals (Albino mice) and how to remove or reduce the effect of this pollutant that was dosed orally using the ethanolic extract of the Moringa oleifera (MO) plant. In the study, 40 adult male mice were used. At an average age of 8-10 weeks and with 21-29 grams average weight, the animals were randomly distributed among four groups with 10 mice/group. The first group M1 was the control group, the second group M2 was treated with red lead oxide only [1.25 mg/kg], while the third group M3 was treated with red lead oxide + Moringa oleifera [C1 = 8.4 mg/kg], and the last group M4 was treated with red lead oxide + Moringa oleifera [

     In this work, the Banach contraction principle is generalized to a new formula. Then, it is used to give the  guarantee conditions for the existence of common fixed point for set valued mappings defined on complete partial b-metric spaces. In addition, some results in connection with  the existence of a  fixed point for a set-valued mapping defined on a partial b-metric space are given. Some  examples are established to illustrate  our results.

The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of the immunohistochemical expression of Special AT-rich sequence binding protein (SATB2) alone and in combination with the caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2) in colorectal cancers (CRCs) in Iraqi patients. This study's samples collection for tissue and practical work spanned twelve months, 20 December 2021 to 20 December 2022. A total of 80 male and female participants (41 CRC, 19 severe colitis and 20 controls) were examined. For each case, at least two 4-µm-thick tissue sections were cut for immunohistochemical staining with CDX2 and SATB2 immunohistochemical markers. According to the current study results all samples of CRC patients showed positive expression

Despite the widespread use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in various fields, there have been a growing number of reports regarding their toxicity. However, there is insufficient research available regarding the insecticidal effects of ZnO nanoparticles. Using leaves of the river oak tree (Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq., 1848), this study aimed to produce ZnO NPs utilizing a simple and eco-friendly biological process to evaluate the toxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor Fabricius, 1792), the superworm (Zophobas atratus Fabricius, 1775) and the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum Herbst, 1797). The produced zinc oxide nanoparticles were characterized

Nowadays, remote sensing (RS) technology is being recognized as the most up-to-date data source used in land cover and land use exploration. However, the sources of RS data, the type of algorithms applied, and the study area characteristics all influence how accurately relevant thematic maps are produced. This paper aims to assess the classification performance of supervised machine learning algorithms over regions affected by dust storm depositions. To this end, SENTINEL-2 imagery across the city of Baghdad, Iraq are considered. Data preprocessing is carried out using SNAP software. Maximum Likelihood (ML), Minimum Distance (MD), Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and KD Tree KNN (KD-KNN) models are applied to produce land-use

In this study, the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode was modified, physical and electrochemical characterization were studied to be used in some biosensor applications. Using the drop-casting method, functionalized Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes, Polypyrrole, and gold nanoparticles (f-MWCNTs-AuNP-PPy) were efficiently coated on the surface of an ITO electrode. Fourier transform of infrared radiation (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were utilized to describe the microscopic structure and morphogenesis of the generated films at the ITO electrode's surface. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to assess the electroanalytical performance of electrodes after modification.

In this paper, a new proper generalization of small monoform modules, namely Z-Small monoform modules is introduced and studied. An R-module C is called Z-small monoform module (ZSM module; for short), if every non-zero partial endomorphism of C has Z-small kernel.

Many operators are introduced for the approximation of real functions, but little for the approximation of complex functions. These studies are for analytic functions. 

In this article, we define a new type of Szasz-Mirakjan operator. Then we estimate the degree of approximation using this modified complex Szasz-Mirakjan operators to integrable functions on compact disks along with a quantitative estimation. Using quantitative methods, we also obtain an upper estimate in the simultaneous approximation by  and exact degrees of approximation estimation for these operators' Stancu-type generalization.

     The change in land cover eventually occurs as the population increases, resulting in high human activities. Monitoring this change can be beneficial for territorial planning and ecosystem monitoring. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the spatial-temporal patterns and rates of land cover change in Nampula City, Mozambique, over the past three decades (1989-2020). For this purpose, data from the Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-8 OLI / TIRS satellites were applied as input to two classification systems: (1) thresholding-NDVI and MNDWI and (2) supervised classification. The results showed that the supervised classification method performed better than the thresholding system, with an overall accuracy of 92.4% and a kappa coefficient

Fusarium wilt is one of the most important diseases that affects various plants and is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Fusarium wilts in tomato plants are caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), whether in fields or greenhouses. The tomato plant is considered one of the most important plants. This disease, however, affects its agricultural production. The current research aimed to diagnose Fusarium species that were isolated from infected tomato plants from different regions in Iraq by using molecular and morphological methods and to study the evolutionary relationship between the studied species, as twenty Fusarium isolates were obtained from infected tomato p

In the realm of online information retrieval, Arabic web content presents unique challenges due to the complexity of the Arabic language and the varying quality of available materials. These complexities often confound search engines, hindering precise web page classification. This research addresses these challenges with a streamlined approach to effective online Arabic web page classification. Our strategy involves two key components: First, we employ a comprehensive text mining approach to extract valuable insights from a corpus of documents. This begins with text extraction from the online web page after providing the URL and the removal of stop words to enhance data quality. Additionally, we leverage Natural Language Processing (NLP

This research aimed to explore the potential involvement of oxidative stress in the onset of migraines. The primary objective was to assess the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), which serves as an indicator of oxidative stress, as well as nitric oxide (NO), a marker for nitrosative stress, and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an indicator of endothelial dysfunction. Ninety (90) participants were recruited in this research work from the neurology department's outpatient headache clinic at Al Jumhury Teaching Hospital in Erbil city, the study consisted of (60) patients and (30) as controls. In the migraine group, there were (45) females and (15) males, while the control group was comprised of (20) females and (10) males with age

The lifespan of WSNs is crucial, and it primarily relies on the energy efficiency of the sensors, as their power source is often non-rechargeable and non-replaceable batteries. Addressing this issue involves carefully designing of a routing protocol that considers energy saving. This article presents a heterogeneity-aware routing protocol based on the Stable Election Protocol SEP for heterogeneous WSNs to extend the lifespan of the WSN by reducing energy consumption. The proposal employs the Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) in the cluster-forming process to determine the shortest distance between the cluster head (CH) and sensor nodes in that cluster, thereby minimizing power consumption in all later communication operations. The propos

Due to its commercial and economic significance and its adjacency to Iraq's largest university, the Al-Jadriya area in Baghdad holds vital importance. This region exhibits high population density, diverse land uses, and a wide range of land cover types. Therefore, accurately classifying the land features in this area is crucial to support decision-making and facilitate infrastructure development. This study aims to utilize remote sensing techniques and a high-resolution satellite image to classify the region. To achieve this, GIS and QGIS programs and a software package encompassing various classification methods were employed to accurately classify the features and determine the most practical classification methods for this data type.

The module  is cofinitely rationally closed weak supplemented module (denoted by CRCWS-module) if every cofinite rationally closed submodule of  has weak supplement submodule in . The CRCWS- module is stronger generalize of closed cofinitely weak supplemented modules. In addition, we present a rationally closed weak supplemented modules (denoted by RCWS-module) which is a stronger generalize of closed weak supplemented modules. The relationships of our concepts to other related concepts was discussed and studied, and we give the conditions that make them equivalent were given. And also, we gave the necessary condition that makes the direct sum of RCWS-module (or CRCWS-module) is RCWS-module (CRCWS-module).

The compression system typically comprises two fundamental categories: compression and decompression. Within the realm of compression, there exist two primary types: lossy compression and lossless compression. In this research, a novel lossless digital image encoding technique is presented. This method depends on performing a series of iterative mathematical transformations. The methodology of performing this method is similar to the process of performing the fractal compression algorithm, with an essential difference: the fractal pressure is classified as lossy compression, but this new method is lossless compression. It is well known that lossless compression methods produce higher-quality images than lossy methods, but they do not ach