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Difficulties encountered in translating Some legal texts from Arabic into English
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Translation is both a social and cultural phenomenon, it can neither exist outside a social community and it is within society, nor it can be viewed as a medium of cross-cultural fertilization. This paper aims to investigate the difficulties that a translator may face when dealing with legal texts such as marriage and divorce contracts. These difficulties can be classified according to the present paper into syntactic, semantic, and cultural. The syntactic difficulties include word order, syntactic arrangement, unusual sentence structure, the use of model verbs in English, and difference in legal system. As to the semantic difficulties, they involve lack of established terminology, finding functional and lexical equivalence, word for word translation, synonymous and antonymous words, wordiness and redundancy, loan words, neologism, and paraphrasing. Concerning the cultural difficulties, they relate to differences in traditions and norms, religion and social terminology as well as faiths and doctrines. This paper falls into two parts: part one is theoretical and tackles the definition and significance of legal translation, characteristics of legal texts, the techniques used in legal translation and types of legal texts; whereas part two is practical and deals with the general difficulties of legal texts with special reference to marriage and divorce contracts. It shows the syntactic, semantic and cultural analysis of different forms of marriage and divorce contracts that are translated from Arabic into English. It has been found that translating such legal documents as marriage and divorce contracts pose great difficulties that are due to the differences in legal systems of the two …

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Publication Date
Sat Sep 01 2018
Journal Name
Polyhedron
Novel dichloro (bis {2-[1-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-1, 2, 3-triazol-4-yl-κN3] pyridine-κN}) metal (II) coordination compounds of seven transition metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd)
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Publication Date
Tue Jan 02 2007
Journal Name
Journal Of The Faculty Of Medicine Baghdad
The effect of Fenugreek oil (Iraqi fenugreek seeds' extract) on Adult uncoupled rats and mice ovaries Histological and hormonal assay
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Background: Fenugreek herb is one of the most abundant plants in our country. The dried ripe seeds of this plant are the effective medicinal part the plant.
Aim of the work: The aim of this study is to determine the pharmacological effect of a new chemical substance that has been extracted from crude fenugreek seeds which has a hormonal like action and to assess the safety of this experimental material in order to recommend it in future as a stimulator for ovulation or a contraceptive pill.
Materials and Methods: Sixty uncoupled female rats and mice were enrolled in this study, categorized into groups as mentioned in the text. Prolactin, estradiol and progesterone serum levels where measured for all gr

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Publication Date
Tue Dec 31 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Comparing Different Estimators for the shape Parameter and the Reliability function of Kumaraswamy Distribution
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In this paper, we used maximum likelihood method and the Bayesian method to estimate the shape parameter (θ), and reliability function (R(t)) of the Kumaraswamy distribution with two parameters l , θ (under assuming the exponential distribution, Chi-squared distribution and Erlang-2 type distribution as prior distributions), in addition to that we used method of moments for estimating the parameters of the prior distributions. Bayes

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