The occurrences of invasive candidiasis has increased over the previous few decades. Although Candida albicans considers as one of the most common species of organisms, that cause acquired fungal infections. Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and inherent in as a lifelong, the yeast is present in healthy individuals as a commensal, and can reside harmlessly in human body. However, in immuno-compromised individuals, the fungus can invade tissues, producing superficial infections and, in severe cases, life-threatening systemic infections. This review wills emphasis on virulence factor of C. albicans including (adhesion, invasion, candida proteinase, and phenotypic switching and biofilm formation. I

We describe here a case of a 70 yr old man with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis who presented with low grade fever, fatigue, loss of appetite and weight, bluish discoloration of the fingers and patches of gangrenous skin on the fingers. There was intense pain in the fingers which prevented him from sleep. Along with these symptoms he developed loss of sensation in the dorsum of left foot, then left foot drop. We give below full account of the case and review of the causes of vasculitis. We want to emphasize on the importance of identifying vasculitis as one of the complications of rheumatoid arthritis and intensive treatment of this complication, as it is a life-threatening complication.

In the current century, nanotechnology has gained great interest due to its ability to modify the size of metals to the nanoscale, which dramatically changes the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of metals relative to their bulk counterparts. The approaches used to create nanoparticles (NPs) are physical, و chemical and وbiological. The shortcomings in physical and chemical synthesis approaches, such as the generation of toxic by-products, and energy consume as they require high temperature, pressure, power and lethal chemicals, contributed to an increased interest in biological synthesis by plants. Scientists have created a new filed called as "green nanotechnology" by fusing the idea of sustainability with nanotechno

Tropical illnesses caused by parasites proceed to cause socioeconomic devastation that reverberate worldwide protozoan parasites, like Leishmania. This parasite has an enormous public health problem in many countries. There is a growing requisite for new control methods for many of these illnesses due to the increasing drug resistance showed by the parasites and problems with drug poisonousness. In this study, fifty-five patients (burns and wounds) were collected from patients from Al-Yarmouk Hospital and Teaching Baghdad Hospital during the period from November, 2015 to January, 2016. Cultural and morphological characteristic examination, biochemical tests were conducted and confirmed the diagnosis by antibiotics sensitivity te

Background: Thiopurines are essential medications in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) treatment protocols as anti-cancer agents since long time; however, their use might result in unexpected toxicities in ALL children due to the low thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) activity, a major enzyme involved in 6- mercaptopurine metabolism, which strongly correlates to the genetic polymorphism of the TPMT gene in those patients.

Objective: To identify the most common TPMT polymorphisms in children with ALL and its frequencies.

Methods: A cross sectional study enrolling eighty-one ALL children receiving mercaptopurine drug during their maintenance course of treatment accordin

      The Mannich reaction is one of the most important types of organic chemistry fundamental reactions. It is a crucial stage in the production of various medicines, natural goods, and industrial chemicals. Chemists' imaginations have always been piqued because of this. In general, the Mannich reactions can be used as part of a tandem reaction sequence to produce complex target molecules in an elegant and often easy manner. The following article examines and summarizes methods for synthesizing Mannich derivatives, in addition to offering a survey of recent advancements in several fields’ applications of the Mannich reaction, such as biological applications, antimicrobial activity, anticancer activity, anti-inflammation and antio

Background: Orthodontic force is considered to stimulate cells in the periodontium to release many mediators such as cytokines which play a responsible role for periodontal and alveolar bone remodeling, bone resorption and new bone deposition. Aim of this study was carried out to estimate changes of the (interleukin-one beta, tumor necrosis factor – alpha and C-reactive protein) levels in unstimulated whole saliva during the leveling stage of orthodontic tooth movement. Materials and methods: The sample consisted of thirty adult patients (12 males and 18 females) with ages ranges (19-23) years. Each sample had Class I and Class II malocclusion dental classification and required bilateral extraction of their maxillary first premolars, und

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the principal nosocomial causative agents. This bacterium has the capability to resist wide range of antibiotics and it is responsible for many diseases like skin, nose and wounds infection. In this study, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR was applied with ten random primers to examine the molecular diversity among methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates in the hospitals and to investigate the genetic distance between them. 90 Isolates were collected from clinical specimens from Iraqi hospitals for a total of 90 isolates. Only 10 strains (11.11%) were found to be MRSA. From these 10 primers, only 9 gave clear amplification products. 91 fragment l