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Dispensing of Antimicrobial Agents Without a Prescription in Iraq: A Call for Upholding the Legislations to Change Long-Standing Practices
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Background: Antimicrobial prescribing patterns have an important role in the emergence of resistance, and community pharmacists have a substantial influence on this issue. Objective: To assess community pharmacists' behaviors and attitudes toward antimicrobial dispensing, determine their proportions and categories, and examine the underlying rationales for this practice. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey of community pharmacists in Iraq was conducted from June to August 2023, using a self-administered validated questionnaire. The attitudes, practices, and motivations driving the distribution of antimicrobials without a prescription (AWP) were explored in three areas. Results: A sizable proportion (61.6%) of respondents rejected dispensing AWP at community pharmacies. Patients primarily seek antibacterials from community pharmacies owing to budget constraints, according to 82.7% of respondents, rather than for consultation and diagnostic services. The most powerful element in a pharmacist's decision to administer AWP is that patients will seek antimicrobials from another pharmacy if they are not dispensed by the pharmacist, owing to the pharmacist's experience in infection management. The study found that 50%–74% of patients who visited community pharmacies sought AWP. Antimicrobials are most commonly provided without a prescription for cold and flu and urinary tract infections (37.3% and 27.7%, respectively). Conclusions: The majority of pharmacists regularly dispense AWP. To guarantee compliance with Iraqi legislation and laws governing AWP distribution, ongoing training programs should be created to educate the public on the most effective methods.

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Publication Date
Tue Jun 30 2020
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering
Investigation of Ozone Microbubbles for the Degradation of Methylene Orange Contaminated Wastewater
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   In the present study, semi – batch experiments were conducted to investigate the efficiency of ozone microbubbles (OMBs) in the treatment of aqueous dye solutions methylene orange under different reaction conditions such as  effect of initial solution pH , ozone generation rate and initial MO-concentration. The results showed that the removal of MO by OMBs were very high at the acidic and alkaline media and upon increasing the generation rate of ozone from 0.498 to 0.83 mg/s, the removal efficiency dramatically increased from 75to 100% within 15 min. The rate of oxidation reaction followed a pseudo first- order kinetic model. The results demonstrated that OMBs is efficient in terms of the decline of methylene orange c

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Publication Date
Sat May 01 2021
Journal Name
Civil Engineering Journal
The Suitability of Bailey Method for Design of Local Asphalt Concrete Mixture
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The study investigated the behaviour of asphalt concrete mixes for aggregate gradations, according to the Iraqi specification using the Bailey method designed by an Excel spreadsheet. In mixing aggregates with varying gradations (coarse and fine aggregate), The Bailey method is a systematic methodology that offers aggregate interlocking as the backbone of the framework and a controlled gradation to complete the blends. Six types of gradation are used according to the bailey method considered in this study. Two-course prepared Asphalt Concrete Wearing and Asphalt Concrete binder, the Nominal Maximum Aggregate Sizes (NMAS) of the mixtures are 19 and 12.5 mm, respectively. The total number of specimens was 240 for both layers (15 samp

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Publication Date
Wed Dec 13 2017
Journal Name
Al-khwarizmi Engineering Journal
Experimental Study of the Effect of Condenser Tubes Distribution for Domestic Refrigerator
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The performance of a condenser in a domestic refrigerator system without wires and a condenser with a novel design consisted of number of loops as elliptical shape is investigated experimentally in this work. The experiment was conducted with a refrigerator designed to work with HFC134a, under no load and with loads of (1.5,3 and 12 liters of water). In particular, the effects of shape change of the condenser were very important in heat transfer enhancement and reduce of the frictional loss as a result of reducing the pressure drop in the condenser. The results shown that compressor work decreases with elliptical condenser about (8.6% to 11.3%), and then the power consumption decreases also. The performance of household refrigerator with

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Publication Date
Sat Mar 01 2008
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
External Auditor of responsibility for financial failure And the discontinuity of Company
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Accountancy unit is looked is upon as unit that established for the purpose achieve it goals and programmers for unlimited time. Unless otherwise take place such as liquation whether voluntary or mandatory.  Thus going concern logic is considered to be the logical foundation witch the familiar accounting principles are based upon.  The future of a Company real its financial statues and position and the extent of it ability to face events in future.  Hence the success and continuity its activities depend on the extent of the company activity to generate profits. And its ability to retain appropriate liquidity to serve its debts.

Therefore financial statements of the company consider to be on

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Publication Date
Sun Jan 06 2013
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
The reality of teaching performance materials for teachers of social primary stage
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    The teacher is the most able to achieve the goals of education in education because he has the ability to affect the behavior of the disciples testified and its actions and appearance and other actions that convey pupils with it sometimes in a manner unconscious or unconscious , and the importance of the role of the teacher in the educational process , it is necessary to compromise the care and attention to the extent that commensurate with the important role that the rise in the preparation of youth and composition , and as a result is needed to continue efforts to improve the quality of teacher preparation so that it can be more effective and positive in the educational process .
First - Research Goals -<

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Publication Date
Tue Jan 01 2019
Journal Name
Technologies And Materials For Renewable Energy, Environment And Sustainability: Tmrees19gr
Theoretical study for the calculation of some attenuation parameters of polymeric composites
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Publication Date
Tue Oct 09 2018
Journal Name
Bulletin Of The Iraq Natural History Museum (p-issn: 1017-8678 , E-issn: 2311-9799)
THIRTY TWO ALGAE NEW RECORDS REPORTED IN PONDS AT GWER SUB-DISTRICT, ERBIL -KURDISTAN REGION, IRAQ
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    This study was carried out from February to October 2012 in six semi salty ponds in Gwer sub-district which is the first work in the area. A total of 32 species and 2 genera of algae where reported as the new records. Mostly the non diatoms are belonging to Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Cryptophyta, Chrysophyceae, while diatoms or Bacilariophyceae are belong to pennals- order.

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Publication Date
Tue Nov 09 2021
Journal Name
Open Access Macedonian Journal Of Medical Sciences
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Acceptance among Medical Students: An Online Cross-sectional Study in Iraq
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BACKGROUND: Vaccine hesitancy and reluctant had an important obstacle in achieving protection and population immunity against coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). It is essential to achieve high COVID-19 vaccination acceptance rates among medical students and health care workers to provide recommendations and counseling vaccine hesitant population. AIM: This study aims to identify level of COVID-19 hesitancy, attitude, knowledge, and factors that affect vaccination decision. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was done among medical students in Al-Kindy College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. Data collection was done through an online Google Forms questionnaire during 2021 from 810 medical students.

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Publication Date
Sun May 30 2021
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Science
Prevalence Rate and Correlation Between Triglyceride Level and Human Body Mass Index in Sulaimani Province, Iraq
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The condition of elevated concentrations of triglyceride in the blood is called hypertriglyceridemia, which triggers the onset of some physiological disorder. This study was carried out to find the correlation between body weight and hypertriglyceridemia. Out of 518 cases, 342 individuals were underweight, with body mass index (BMI) values of ≤18, while their mean serum triglyceride level was 172.4 ± 25.2mg/dl. In addition, 99 cases had normal BMI of >18, whereas 60 were overweight (BMI = 25-29), with mean serum triglyceride level of 182.3 ± 15.9. Also, 17 cases were obese (BMI >30), where the mean triglycerid

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Publication Date
Mon Oct 30 2023
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Science
Groundwater situation before production and after production stoppage in Al-Mishraq Sulfur field-1, northern Iraq
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This study dealt with the reality of groundwater before Sulfur production in the Al-Mishraq field-1 and after production stopped in the field, by measuring the groundwater table for (44) wells in 2021, and comparing it to the groundwater table measured by the Polish company Centrozap in 1971, the groundwater table was a range between (187.71-205.8)m in 1971, but in 2021 it ranged was between (188.51-196.55)m.
Maps of the groundwater movement and water table were created using these data. It turned out that there was little change in the direction of groundwater flow; in both cases, the flow is from the west and northwest towards the east with a slight slope toward the southeast and the Tigris River. As for hydraulic properties, it w

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