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Dispensing of Antimicrobial Agents Without a Prescription in Iraq: A Call for Upholding the Legislations to Change Long-Standing Practices
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Background: Antimicrobial prescribing patterns have an important role in the emergence of resistance, and community pharmacists have a substantial influence on this issue. Objective: To assess community pharmacists' behaviors and attitudes toward antimicrobial dispensing, determine their proportions and categories, and examine the underlying rationales for this practice. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey of community pharmacists in Iraq was conducted from June to August 2023, using a self-administered validated questionnaire. The attitudes, practices, and motivations driving the distribution of antimicrobials without a prescription (AWP) were explored in three areas. Results: A sizable proportion (61.6%) of respondents rejected dispensing AWP at community pharmacies. Patients primarily seek antibacterials from community pharmacies owing to budget constraints, according to 82.7% of respondents, rather than for consultation and diagnostic services. The most powerful element in a pharmacist's decision to administer AWP is that patients will seek antimicrobials from another pharmacy if they are not dispensed by the pharmacist, owing to the pharmacist's experience in infection management. The study found that 50%–74% of patients who visited community pharmacies sought AWP. Antimicrobials are most commonly provided without a prescription for cold and flu and urinary tract infections (37.3% and 27.7%, respectively). Conclusions: The majority of pharmacists regularly dispense AWP. To guarantee compliance with Iraqi legislation and laws governing AWP distribution, ongoing training programs should be created to educate the public on the most effective methods.

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Publication Date
Tue Jun 30 2015
Journal Name
Al-khwarizmi Engineering Journal
The Influence of the Magnetic Abrasive Finishing System for Cylindrical Surfaces on the Surface Roughness and MRR
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Abstract

Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) is one of the advanced finishing processes, which produces a high level of surface quality and is primarily controlled by a magnetic field. This paper study the effect of the magnetic abrasive finishing system on the material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (Ra) in terms of magnetic abrasive finishing system for eight of input parameters, and three levels according to Taguchi array (L27) and using the regression model to analysis the output (results). These parameters are the (Poles geometry angle, Gap between the two magnetic poles, Grain size powder, Doze of the ferromagnetic abrasive powder, DC current, Workpiece velocity, Magnetic poles velocity, and Finishi

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Publication Date
Thu Jan 16 2025
Journal Name
Journal Of Baghdad College Of Dentistry
Shear bond strength of stainless steel brackets bonded to porcelain surface treated with 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel compared to hydro fluoric acid with silane coupling agent (In vitro comparative study)
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Background: With the increasing demands for adult orthodontics, a growing need arises to bond attachments to porcelain surfaces. Optimal adhesion to porcelain surface should allow orthodontic treatment without bond failure but not jeopardize porcelain integrity after debonding.The present study was carried out to compare the shear bond strength of metal bracket bonded to porcelain surface prepared by two mechanical treatments and by using different etching systems (Hydrofluoric acid 9% and acidulated phosphate fluoride 1.23%). Materials and Methods: The samples were comprised of 60 models (28mm *15mm*28mm) of metal fused to porcelain (feldspathic porcelain). They were divided as the following: group I (control): the porcelain surface left u

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Publication Date
Wed Jul 01 2020
Journal Name
Iraqi Geological Journal
BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE LATE CRETACEOUS/EARLY PALEOCENE SUCCESSIONS AT K.H 5\6 AND K.H 5\8 CORE INTERVAL, WESTERN DESERT OF IRAQ
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The core interval at the K.H5\6 and K.H5\8 Wells in the West of Rutba provinces reveals a significant succession across the Late Cretaceous–Early Paleocene transition. The sampled interval encompasses a series of carbonates belonging to Digma Formation of Latest Cretaceous age, which underlies the Akashat Formtion of Danian age. Fifty-five species belonging to thirty-five genera were recognized. Based on the distribution of these species, eight biozones were distinguished, three biozones are recorded from the K.H 5\6 studied section and two biozones are documented from the K.H 5\8 studied section which refers to Late Maastrichtian age of Digma Formation. Five biozones are recorded from Akashat Formation in the K.H 5\6 studied section and

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Publication Date
Thu Jan 16 2025
Journal Name
Al.qadisiya Journal For The Sciences Of Physical Education
The Impact of weighted gloves on developing the effectiveness of performance and increasing the number of punches for youth boxers
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Publication Date
Tue Jan 01 2019
Journal Name
International Journal Of Agricultural And Statistical Sciences,
The comparison of several methods for calculating the degree of heritability and calculating the number of genes II. Yield components
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Publication Date
Sun Dec 30 2018
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Concentration of lead and the proportion of sedimentary organic matter , clay minerals , non-clay minerals and soil gradation , City of Nasiriyah , Southern Iraq
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The present research included sampling and analysis of 41 soil samples , the samples cover various areas of Nasiriyah city (industrial,commercial,residential and agricultural ) to estimate pollution levels of lead element and determine the correlation between lead concentration and natural factors in soil which represent sedimentary organic matter content, granular gradient, clay minerals and non-clay minerals . The results of the current study showed that the average concentration of lead in the soil samples was 61.12 ppm , it was noticed an increase in the concentration of lead in environmental components in the area of this study especially in residential , industrial and commercial location and the impact of natural factors of the so

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Publication Date
Sun Dec 15 2019
Journal Name
Al-adab Journal
La faculté articulatoire de l'apprenant irakien Dans une classe de français langue étrangère A l’université de Bagdad Etude comparative
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Publication Date
Thu May 11 2023
Journal Name
Engineering Applications Of Computational Fluid Mechanics
Photovoltaic-thermal system combined with wavy tubes, twisted tape inserts and a novel coolant fluid: energy and exergy analysis
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To create a highly efficient photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) system and maximise the energy and exergy efficiency, this study aims to propose an innovative configuration of a PV-T system comprising wavy tubes with twisted-tape inserts. Following the validation of a numerical model, a parametric study has been conducted to assess the geometrical effects of twisted tape and wavy tubes, as well as the coolant fluid type and velocity, on the overall performance of a PV-T system, located in Shiraz, Iran. It is found that employing twisted tape improves the energy and exergy efficiency by approx. 6.3%. The best configuration yields 12.4% and 16.8% increase in energy and exergy efficiency compared to conventional PV systems. This is achieved at 15% vo

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Publication Date
Thu Feb 27 2020
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Science
Exploitation of Absolute qPCR to Estimate Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium Count in Human Gut as Indicator of Diabetic Mellitus Complication
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     Diabetes mellitus is a form of metabolic disorder where patients are incapable to organize glucose metabolism. The most common types are Type I and Type II, constituting about 10% and 90% of cases, respectively. The cause of type I diabetes, which usually spreads in children and adolescents, is the disability of the endocrine system to produce insulin. On the other hand, The most common type of diabetes,  type II diabetes, is often presented in adults. It is usually presented as a collection of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance. This work was done to estimate the count of microbiota in diabetics to find an appraoch for detection and follow-up treatment. The count of two types of bacteria Lactobac

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Publication Date
Tue Mar 01 2016
Journal Name
Journal Of Natural Sciences Research
Spectrophotometric-Assisted Chemometric Method for the Simultaneous Analysis of Furosemide, Carbamazepine, Diazepam, and Carvedilol in Their Bulk and Marketed Formulation
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Simultaneous determination of Furosemide, Carbamazepine, Diazepam, and Carvedilol in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation using the partial least squares regression (PLS-1 and PLS-2) is described in this study. The two methods were successfully applied to estimate the four drugs in their quaternary mixture using UV spectral data of 84synthetic mixtures in the range of 200-350nm with the intervals Δλ=0.5nm. The linear concentration range were 1-20 μg.mL-1 for all, with correlation coefficient (R2) and root mean squares error for the calibration (RMSE) for FURO, CARB, DIAZ, and CARV were 0.9996, 0.9998, 0.9997, 0.9997, and 0.1128, 0.1292, 0.1868,0.1562 respectively for PLS-1, and for PLS-2 were 0.9995, 0.9999, 0.9997, 0.9998, and 0.1127, 0.

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